Building Scalable Web Sites

This book is a front-to-back look at Web 2.0 applications, focusing on architecture and implementation. Using Ajax for web sites is all the rage, but they lack a scalable architecture. Readers will learn how to take what some refer to as the "poor man's web technologies" - Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP or other scripting languages - and scale them to compete with established "store bought" enterprise web technologies. The author led the Flickr software development team and uses real world examples to explain how to design and build Ajax-style client-like applications on the Web with XMLHttpRequest - without compromising web site performance. "Building Scalable Web Sites" goes beyond the standard Ajax tricks and explains how to realise the cost and performance benefits of asynchronous XML communication. The book details proven methods for scaling Web 2.0 applications to millions of users.

Preface

ix

Introduction

1

(5)

What Is a Web Application?

1

(1)

How Do You Build Web Applications?

2

(1)

What Is Architecture?

3

(1)

How Do I Get Started?

4

(2)

Web Application Architecture

6

(21)

Layered Software Architecture

6

(3)

Layered Technologies

9

(2)

Software Interface Design

11

(3)

Getting from A to B

14

(1)

The Software/Hardware Divide

15

(1)

Hardware Platforms

16

(3)

Hardware Platform Growth

19

(3)

Hardware Redundancy

22

(1)

Networking

23

(2)

Languages, Technologies, and Databases

25

(2)

Development Environments

27

(42)

The Three Rules

27

(1)

Use Source Control

28

(18)

One-Step Build

46

(9)

Issue Tracking

55

(8)

Scaling the Development Model

63

(1)

Coding Standards

64

(2)

Testing

66

(3)

i18n, L10n, and Unicode

69

(21)

Internationalization and Localization

70

(3)

Unicode in a Nutshell

73

(6)

The UTF-8 Encoding

79

(1)

UTF-8 Web Applications

80

(2)

Using UTF-8 with PHP

82

(1)

Using UTF-8 with Other Languages

83

(1)

Using UTF-8 with MySQL

84

(1)

Using UTF-8 with Email

85

(2)

Using UTF-8 with JavaScript

87

(2)

Using UTF-8 with APIs

89

(1)

Data Integrity and Security

90

(27)

Data Integrity Policies

90

(2)

Good, Valid, and Invalid

92

(1)

Filtering UTF-8

93

(5)

Filtering Control Characters

98

(1)

Filtering HTML

99

(3)

Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)

102

(8)

SQL Injection Attacks

110

(7)

Email

117

(19)

Receiving Email

117

(2)

Injecting Email into Your Application

119

(2)

The MIME Format

121

(2)

Parsing Simple MIME Emails

123

(1)

Parsing UU Encoded Attachments

124

(1)

TNEF Attachments

125

(2)

Wireless Carriers Hate You

127

(3)

Character Sets and Encodings

130

(2)

Recognizing Your Users

132

(2)

Unit Testing

134

(2)

Remote Services

136

(26)

Remote Services Club

136

(1)

Sockets

137

(3)

Using HTTP

140

(5)

Remote Services Redundancy

145

(4)

Asynchronous Systems

149

(4)

Exchanging XML

153

(4)

Lightweight Protocols

157

(5)

Bottlenecks

162

(40)

Identifying Bottlenecks

162

(6)

CPU Usage

168

(7)

I/O

175

(10)

Memory and Swap

185

(3)

External Services and Black Boxes

188

(1)

Databases

188

(14)

Scaling Web Applications

202

(55)

The Scaling Myth

202

(9)

Scaling the Network

211

(1)

Scaling PHP

212

(2)

Load Balancing

214

(13)

Scaling MySQL

227

(5)

MySQL Replication

232

(8)

Database Partitioning

240

(4)

Scaling Large Database

244

(2)

Scaling Storage

246

(7)

Caching

253

(3)

Scaling in a Nutshell

256

(1)

Statistics, Monitoring, and Alerting

257

(31)

Tracking Web Statistics

257

(10)

Application Monitoring

267

(18)

Alerting

285

(3)

APIs

288

(35)

Data Feeds

288

(12)

Mobile Content

300

(4)

Web Services

304

(3)

API Transports

307

(8)

API Abuse

315

(3)

Authentication

318

(3)

The Future

321

(2)

Index

323

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Building Scalable Web Sites

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials