International Environmental Law in a Nutshell

, by Guruswamy, Lakshman D.; Hendricks, Brent R.

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ISBN: 9780314144096 | 0314144099
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 6/1/2003

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Sources and Forms of International Environmental Law; Implementation; Population; Biodiversity; Global Climate Change; Ozone Depletion; Antarctica; Toxic and Hazardous Substances; Land-Based Pollution; Vessel-Based Pollution; Dumping; Conservation of Marine Living Resources; Transboundary Air Pollution; Transboundary Water Pollution; Desertification Nuclear Damage; The Future of EIL.

Preface

iii

Acknowledgments

vii

Table of Treaties

xxv

Sources and Forms of International Environmental Law

(29)

Treaties

(10)

Interpretation of Treaties

(4)

Conflict With Other Treaties

(2)

Custom

(5)

General Principles of Law

(2)

Judicial Decisions

(3)

Other Sources of Law

(6)

The Historical Continuum

(18)

The Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment 1972

(5)

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982

(2)

World Commission on Environment and Development

(2)

United Nations Conference on Environment and Development 1992

(4)

World Summit on Sustainable Development 2002 (WSSD)

(5)

Implementation

(57)

Institutions and Organizations

(10)

Global Organizations

(3)

Regional Organizations

(1)

Specific Treaty Organizations

(1)

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOS)

(4)

Compliance Mechanisms

(5)

Diplomatic Avenues

(1)

Judicial Remedies

(29)

Jurisdiction

(4)

Accountability for Transboundary Environmental Harms

(1)

Application of SR

(1)

Fault Liability

(1)

Strict and Absolute Liability

(2)

Attribution, Causation, Exhaustion of Local Remedies, and Reparation

(3)

Trail Smelter Arbitration

(2)

International Liability for Injurious Consequences Arising Out Of Acts Not Prohibited By International Law

(3)

Civil Liability

(2)

Treaty Overlay

(3)

Civil Liability Litigation

(3)

Conclusion

(2)

The Effectiveness of International Environmental Law

(2)

Institutional Concerns

(2)

The Relationship Between IEL and Domestic Law

(9)

Treaties and Domestic Law

(4)

Custom and Domestic Law

101

(4)

Population

105

(22)

Nature of Population Growth

105

(3)

Decreasing Resources

108

(3)

Environmental Threats

111

(5)

Remedial Objectives

116

(5)

Theories on Population Growth

116

(1)

The Malthusian Apocalypse

116

(2)

Neo-Malthusian, Economic Transition and Redistributional Theories of Population Growth

118

(2)

The Way Forward

120

(1)

Legal Response

121

(6)

Biodiversity

127

(47)

Nature of the Problem

127

(2)

Environmental Impacts

129

(2)

Causes

131

(1)

Remedial Objectives

132

(1)

Legal Response

133

(41)

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

133

(2)

Principles of Equity and Resource Transfers

135

(1)

Common Concern of Humankind

136

(1)

Access to Genetic Resources

137

(2)

Biotechnology

139

(3)

Financial Transfers

142

(1)

Principles of Sustainable Development (Conservation and Sustainable Use)

143

(2)

All Parties (Including Developing Countries)

145

(2)

Developed Countries

147

(1)

Institutions

148

(1)

Relationship to Other Conventions

149

(2)

Cartegena Protocol on Biosafety

151

(5)

International Treaties Related to Biological Diversity

156

(1)

The 1973 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES)

156

(1)

Commitments

157

(3)

Continued Trade in Listed Species

160

(2)

The 1972 UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of The World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention)

162

(3)

The 1971 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention)

165

(3)

The 1979 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn Convention)

168

(3)

Regional Treaties and Agreements Related to Biodiversity

171

(3)

Global Climate Change

174

(52)

Climatic Facts

174

(6)

Increasing GHG Emissions

175

(2)

A Warming Trend

177

(3)

Human Culpability

180

(5)

The Nay Sayers

181

(4)

Possible Impacts

185

(3)

Remedial Objectives

188

(3)

Legal Response

191

(35)

Substantive Obligations

191

(1)

UNFCCC

191

(1)

History and Overview

191

(2)

The Comprehensive Approach

193

(2)

Commitments

195

(2)

The Kyoto Protocol

197

(1)

History

198

(2)

Overview & Assessment

200

(1)

Institutions and Implementation

201

(1)

Conference of the Parties (COP)

201

(3)

Secretariat

204

(1)

Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice

204

(1)

Subsidiary Body for Implementation

205

(1)

Financial Mechanism

205

(2)

Outstanding Issues

207

(1)

Joint Implementation

207

(4)

Technology Transfers & Financing

211

(2)

Adaptation

213

(2)

Costs & Benefits

215

(4)

Implications

219

(1)

Research and Development in Alternative Energy

219

(2)

An Inclusive Convention

221

(1)

Realistic Long-Term Implementation Strategies

222

(4)

Ozone Depletion

226

(20)

The Nature of the Problem

227

(2)

Causes of the Problem

229

(3)

Environmental Impacts

232

(1)

Remedial Objectives

233

(2)

Legal Response

235

(9)

The Vienna Ozone Convention

235

(1)

The Montreal Protocol

236

(1)

Adjustments and Amendments

237

(5)

Transfers

242

(1)

Trade Restrictions

243

(1)

Technological and Financial Assistance

244

(1)

The Impact of the Regime

244

(2)

Antarctica

246

(28)

Geophysical Sketch

246

(4)

Scientific and Archeological Importance

250

(1)

Economic Concerns

251

(2)

Environmental Issues

253

(2)

Geo--Political Significance

255

(1)

Legal Response

256

(18)

Overview

256

(3)

The 1959 Antarctic Treaty

259

(1)

The 1972 Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (1972 Seals Convention)

260

(2)

1980 Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (1980 CCAMLR)

262

(2)

1988 Antarctic Mineral Resources Convention (CRAMRA)

264

(1)

1991 Antarctic Environment Protocol

265

(2)

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

267

(1)

Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora

268

(1)

Waste Disposal and Management

269

(1)

Prevention of Marine Pollution

270

(1)

Area Protection and Management

271

(3)

Toxic and Hazardous Substances

274

(46)

Nature of the Problem

274

(3)

Sources

277

(3)

Environmental Impacts & Pathways

280

(7)

Impacts

280

(5)

Pathways

285

(2)

Remedial Objectives

287

(8)

Legal Response

295

(25)

Toxic and Hazardous Substances in General

295

(1)

Prior Informed Consent

296

(1)

2002 FAO International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides

296

(4)

1987 UNEP London Guidelines for the Exchange of Information on Chemicals in International Trade (1987 UNEP London Guidelines)

300

(3)

Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade (Rotterdam Convention)

303

(3)

Hazardous Wastes

306

(1)

Transboundary Movement

306

(1)

The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (Basel Convention)

307

(1)

Environmentally Sound Management

307

(1)

Transboundary Movement

308

(5)

The Convention on the Ban of Imports Into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes Within Africa (Bamako Convention)

313

(1)

The International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea (HNS Convention)

314

(1)

Elimination and Reductions at Source

315

(3)

Other Regional Agreements

318

(2)

Land-Based Pollution

320

(20)

Nature of the Problem

320

(1)

Sources and Environmental Impacts

321

(5)

Remedial Objectives

326

(2)

Legal Response

328

(12)

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

328

(2)

Montreal Guidelines for the Protection of the Marine Environment Against Pollution From Land-Based Sources

330

(1)

The Global Program of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment From Land-Based Activities and the Washington Declaration on Protection of the Marine Environment From Land-Based Activities

331

(2)

Regional Treaties

333

(7)

Vessel-Based Pollution

340

(28)

Nature of the Problem

340

(4)

Environmental Impacts

344

(2)

Harm Caused by the Physical Properties of Oil

344

(1)

Harm Caused by the Toxic Properties of Oil

345

(1)

Causes of Vessel-Based Oil Pollution

346

(2)

Remedial Objectives

348

(2)

Legal Response

350

(1)

Operational Pollution

350

(1)

The 1973/1978 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships (MARPOL)

350

(18)

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

355

(3)

Accidental Pollution

358

(1)

International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation (OPRC)

359

(1)

International Convention Relating To Intervention on the High Seas In Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties (1969 Intervention Convention and 1973 Protocol)

360

(2)

Protocol on Preparedness, Response and Cooperation for Pollution Incidents by Hazardous and Noxious Substances, 2000 (HNS Protocol)

362

(1)

Liability

363

(1)

State Responsibility

363

(1)

Civil Liability

363

(1)

1969 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (1969 CLC)

363

(3)

International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage (1971 Fund Convention)

366

(2)

Dumping

368

(14)

Nature of the Problem

368

(1)

Sources and Environmental Impacts

369

(1)

Remedial Objectives

370

(1)

Legal Response

371

(11)

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

372

(1)

Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (1972 London Convention)

372

(4)

1996 Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, 1972

376

(4)

Regional Treaties

380

(2)

Conservation of Marine Living Resources

382

(32)

Nature of the Problem

382

(1)

Sources and Impacts

383

(5)

Remedial Objectives

388

(4)

Legal Response

392

(22)

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

392

(1)

Overview

392

(1)

Dispute Settlement under UNCLOS---The Bluefin Tuna Case

392

(3)

Jurisdiction Zones

395

(1)

Territorial Sea

395

(1)

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

396

(2)

Continental Shelf

398

(1)

High Seas

398

(1)

The Species Approach

399

(1)

Straddling Stocks

400

(2)

Highly Migratory Species (HMS)

402

(1)

Marine Mammals

403

(1)

The Special Case of Seals

404

(1)

Anadromous Species

405

(1)

Catadromous Species

406

(1)

UNEP Regional Seas Programme

406

(2)

International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW)

408

(3)

Driftnet Fishing

411

(3)

Transboundary Air Pollution

414

(20)

Nature of the Problem

414

(1)

Causes and Sources

415

(1)

Environmental Impacts

415

(3)

Remedial Objectives

418

(1)

Legal Response

419

(15)

Custom

419

(2)

Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP)

421

(1)

Overview

421

(3)

Sulphur Emissions

424

(1)

Nitrogen Oxides

425

(2)

Volatile Organic Compounds

427

(1)

United States---Canada

428

(3)

United States---Mexico

431

(3)

Transboundary Water Pollution

434

(37)

Nature of the Problem

434

(2)

Sources of Environmental Harm

436

(2)

Environmental Impacts

438

(2)

Remedial Measures

440

(1)

Legal Response

440

(31)

Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses

440

(3)

Communication: Notification, Consultation and Negotiation

443

(3)

Equitable Utilization

446

(5)

Obligation Not to Cause Transboundary Harm

451

(2)

Further Protections

453

(1)

The Question of Groundwater

454

(1)

Regional and Bilateral Agreements

455

(1)

1992 ECE Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and Lakes (ECE Treaty)

456

(4)

The Rhine

460

(3)

United States---Canada

463

(3)

United States---Mexico

466

(5)

Desertification

471

(13)

Nature of the Problem

471

(2)

Impacts of Desertification

473

(1)

Causes of Desertification

474

(2)

Remedial Objectives

476

(1)

Legal Response

477

(7)

Commitments

478

(1)

Developing Countries

478

(2)

Developed Countries

480

(1)

Implementation

480

(4)

Nuclear Damage

484

(55)

Nature of the Problem

484

(10)

Use and Testing of Nuclear Weapons

486

(5)

Civilian Nuclear Energy

491

(2)

Nuclear Waste

493

(1)

Remedial Objectives

494

(2)

Legal Response

496

(43)

Use and Testing of Nuclear Weapons

497

(1)

Treaty Overlay

497

(2)

Nuclear Testing

499

(5)

Disarmed Nuclear Materials

504

(6)

Customary Law

510

(1)

Nuclear Testing

510

(10)

Use of Nuclear Weapons

520

(3)

Civilian Nuclear Energy

523

(1)

Nuclear Safety

523

(1)

1994 Convention on Nuclear Safety

524

(3)

The 1986 IAEA Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident (Notification Convention)

527

(1)

The 1986 IAEA Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency (Assistance Convention)

528

(1)

Liability

529

(1)

State Responsibility

529

(3)

Civil Liability

532

(7)

The Future of IEL

539

(22)

Foundational & Systemic Norms

540

(7)

Sustainable Development

540

(2)

The Common Law of Humankind

542

(5)

Primary Rules and Principles

547

(9)

Principles

547

(2)

Rules

549

(2)

Embryonic Rules and Principles

551

(3)

Clash of Primary Obligations

554

(2)

Secondary Rules and State Responsibility

556

(1)

The Actors in IEL

557

(4)

Appendix

561

(28)

Index

589

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International Environmental Law in a Nutshell

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials