The Roots of Engagement Understanding Opposition and Support for Resource Extraction

In recent years, emerging economies in the Global South have increased the overall demand for raw materials and bolstered the price of oil, minerals, and other commodities. As a result, resource-rich countries in Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa have experienced an important economic bonanza and reduced levels of poverty and inequality. However, for communities living near the extractive frontier, mining has caused serious environmental degradation, and many in these communities have protested local extractive industries.

Departing from the existing literature, The Roots of Engagement examines the individual-level factors that shape a person's opinions over resource extraction. It looks at what makes some individuals accept extractive activities close to their homes, while other individuals strongly reject them. Moreover, it asks why some individuals focus on the potential benefits of employment and local development, while other individuals focus on the defense of livelihoods and the ecological risks associated with mining.

Moisés Arce, Michael S. Hendricks, and Marc S. Polizzi find that an individual's level of social engagement--defined by a person's participation in local organizations--is critical for understanding these differences. The greater the participation in local organizations, they argue, the greater the rejection of proposed mining activities. This individual-level approach unveils the fluidity of attitudes over resource extraction, even in areas that appear uniformly opposed to mining; the processes of attitude formation rooted in micro-politics and collective behaviors; and a cross-regional perspective on campaigns against mining. Based on three original public opinion surveys and interviews conducted in Tía María in Peru, Fuleni in South Africa, and Rancho Grande in Nicaragua, The Roots of Engagement is the first book to measure social engagement in organizations and its connection to attitudes about extraction and development.

Moisés Arce is the Scott and Marjorie Cowen Chair in Latin American Social Sciences and Professor in the Department of Political Science at Tulane University. He specializes in conflict processes, state-society relations, and the politics of social and economic development. He is the author of
Market Reform in Society, Resource Extraction and Protest in Peru, Protest and Democracy (with Roberta Rice), and numerous book chapters and journal articles. His research has been funded by grants from the National Science Foundation and the Social Science Research Council.

Michael S. Hendricks is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Politics and Government at Illinois State University. His areas of research include resource extraction and peacekeeping. He has published articles in Research & Politics, International Studies Quarterly, and Latin American
Perspectives.

Marc S. Polizzi is an Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science and Sociology at Murray State University. He conducts research in the areas of human rights, social movements, and transitional justice. He has published articles in International Studies Quarterly, The Extractive
Industries and Society, and the Journal of Development Studies, as well as additional book chapters.

Preface

1. Introduction

2. Understanding Opposition to and Support for Resource Extraction

3. Opportunities, Not Threats

4. The Pilgrimage for Life

5. We Will Not Move

6. Survey Results

7. Conclusion

Appendix A
Appendix B
Notes
References
Index