The Development of Modern Chemistry

From ancient Greek theory to the explosive discoveries of the 20th century, this authoritative history shows how major chemists, their discoveries, and political, economic, and social developments transformed chemistry into a modern science. 209 illustrations. 14 tables. Bibliographies. Indices. Appendices.

PREFACE
I THE FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMISTRY
  1. Prelude to Cheistry
      ANCIENT KNOWLEDGE OF MATTER
      THE ALCHEMICAL HERITAGE
      THE MEDICAL HERITAGE
      THE TECHNOLOGICAL HERITAGE
      THE BEGINNING OF HOUSECLEANING
  2. Pneumatic Chemistry
      STEPHEN HALES
      JOSEPH BLACK
      HENRY CAVENDISH
      JOSEPH PRIESTLEY
      CARL WILHELM SCHEELE
II THE PERIOD OF FUNDAMENTAL THEORIES
  3. Lavoisier and the Chemical Revolution
      THE ATTACH ON THE PHLOGISTON THEORY
      RISE OF THE NEW CHEMISTRY
      SCIENCE AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
  4. Chemical Combination and the Atomic Theory
      RISE OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
      AFFINITY CONCEPTS
      EQUIVALENCES AND COMBINING PROPORTIONS
      "HIGGINS, DALTON, AND THE ATOMIC THEORY"
      BERZELIUS AND ATOMIC SYMBOLS
      GAY-LUSSAC AND COMBINING VOLUMES
      AVOGADRO'S HYPOTHESIS
  5. Electrochemistry and the Dualistic Theory
      THE DISCOVERY OF CHEMICAL ELECTRICITY
      INVESTIGATIONS OF CHEMISTRY AND ELECTRICITY
      BERZELIUS AND THE DUALISTIC THEORY
      FARADY AND THE ELECTROCHEMICAL LAWS
  6. The Period of Problems
      THE ATOMIC WEIGHT PROBLEM
      BERZELIUS' EARLY EFFORTS
      THE LAW OF PETIT AND DULONG
      THE LAW O ISOMORPHISM
      DUMAS AND THE DETERMINATION OF VAPOR DENSITIES
      EQUIVALENTS
      PROUT'S HYPOTHESIS
      CONCEPTS ABOUT ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS
  7. Organic Chemistry I. Rise of Organic Chemistry
      KNOWLEDGE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN 1800
      VITALISM
      INVESTIGATION OF NEW COMPOUNDS
      ISOMERISM
      ELEMENTARY ORGANIC ANALYSIS
      ATOMIC WEIGHT OF CARBON
      GROWTH OF THE RADICAL THEORY
      SUBSTITUTION AND THE TYPE THEORY
      STUDIES OF POLYBASIC ACIDS
  8. Organic Chemistry II. Organizaation
      THE CHAOS OF THE 1840'S
      THE ORGANIZING EFFORTS OF LAURENT AND GERHARDT
      THE NEW TYPE THEORY
      THE CONCEPT OF VALENCE
      THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF KEKULÉ AND COUPER
      CANNIZZARO AND THE RETURN TO AVOGADRO'S HYPOTHESIS
  9. Classification of the Elements
      DISCOVERY OF NEW ELEMENTS
      EARLY ATTEMPTS AT CLASSIFICATION
      IMMEDIATE PRECURSORS OF THE PERIODIC TABLE
      THE PERIODIC LAW OF MENDELEEV AND MEYER
      SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENTS
III THE GROWTH OF SPECIALIZATION
  10. The Diffusion of Chemical Knowledge
      CHEMICAL EDUCATION TO 1825
      DEVELOPMENT OF LABORATORIES
      LIEBIG AND THE GIESSEN LABORATORY
      EXTENSIONS OF EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY
      CHEMICAL EDUCATION IN AMERICA
      CHEMICAL PUBLICATIONS
      THE RISE OF CHEMICAL SOCIETIES
  11. Analytical Chemistry I. Systematization
      THE PLACE OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
      THE FRESENIUS LABORATORY
      QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
      GRAVIMETRIC METHODS
      ANALYTICAL BALANCES
      ATOMIC WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS
      VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
      GAS ANALYSIS
      INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS
      ORGANIC ANALYSIS
  12. Organic Chemistry III. Consolidation
      THE PROBLEM OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
      STEREOCHEMISTRY
      DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS OF SYNTHESIS
      COMMUNICATION
  13. Organic Chemistry IV. Natural Products
      CARBOHYDRATES
      PURINES
      PROTEINS
      TERPENES
  14. Inorganic Chemistry I. Fundamental Developments
      GENERAL DEVELOPMENTS
      DISCOVERY OF FLUORINE
      MOISSAN AND THE ELECTRIC FURNACE
      THE RARE GASES
      THE RARE EARTHS
      WERNER AND THE COORDINATION COMPLEXES
  15. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY I. ORIGINS
      PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION
      THE DEVELOPMENT OF KINETIC THEORY AND THERMODYNAMICS
      DYNAMIC OF REACTIONS
      THEORY OF SOLUTIONS
      COLLOID CHEMISTRY
  16. "Biological Chemistry I. Agricultural, Physiological, and Food Studies"
      PHOTOSYNTHESIS
      SOIL CHEMISTRY AND PLANT GROWTH
      PHYSIOLOGY AND MEDICINE
      RESPIRATION AND ENERGY BALANCES
      FERMENTATION AND PUTREFACTION
      PUBLIC HEALTH
  17. Chemical Industry I. The Nineteenth Century
      THE RISE OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
      SULFURIC ACID
      ALKALIES
      BLEACHING CHEMICALS
      FERTILIZERS
      EXPLOSIVES
      GASEOUS FUELS AND ILLUMINANTS
      COAL TAR CHEMICALS AND THE SYNTHETIC DYE INDUSTRY
      PHARMACEUTICALS
      OTHER ORGANIC FINE CHEMICALS
      GLASS
      METALLURGY
      ELECTROCHEMISTRY
IV THE CENTURY OF THE ELECTRON
  18. Radiochemistry I. Radioactivity and Atomic Structure
      SHORTCOMINGS OF THE DALTONIAN ATOM
      GAS DISCHARGE TUBES AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES
      RADIOACTIVITY
      THE STRUCTURAL ATOM
  19. Radiochemistry II. The Nuclear Age
      TRANSMUTATION
      ARTIFICIAL RADIOACTIVITY
      NUCLEAR FISSION
      NEPTUNIUM AND PLUTONIUM
      EXPLOITATION OF NUCLEAR ENERGY
      PROBLEMS OF NUCLEAR STRUCTURE
  20. Physical Chemistry II. Maturity
      CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS
      KINETICS
      CHEMICAL BONDING
      SOLUTION THEORY
      CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS)
      SPECTROSCOPY
      PHOTOCHEMISTRY
      COLLOID CHEMISTRY AND HIGH PO