Learning and Memory: An Integrated Approach, 2nd Edition

, by John R. Anderson (Carnegie Mellon Univ.)

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ISBN: 9780471249252 | 0471249254
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 11/1/1999

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From one of the leading researchers in the field of human memory comes the new edition of a truly integrative perspective on learning and memory! Rather than forge a simple synthesis, Anderson integrates learning research on animals and memory research on humans without distorting the character of either one. The result is a more complete picture of learning, including material on skill acquisition, inductive learning, and applications to education.

Perspectives on Learning and Memory

(38)

Learning and Adaptation

(2)

Behaviorist and Cognitive Approaches

(1)

Definitions of Learning and Memory

(2)

History of Research on Learning and Memory

(24)

Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850--1909)

(2)

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849--1936)

(3)

Edward L. Thorndike (1874--1949)

(4)

Clark L. Hull (1884--1952)

(1)

Edward C. Tolman (1886--1959)

(3)

B. F. Skinner (1904--1990)

(4)

The General Problem Solver (Newell & Simon, 1961)

(3)

A Model of Memory (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968)

(3)

Neural Basis of Learning and Memory

(7)

The Nervous System

(3)

The Neuron

(2)

Neural Explanations and Information-Processing Explanations

(2)

Outline of the Book

(1)

Further Readings

(1)

Classical Conditioning

(39)

Overview

(1)

The Phenomena of Classical Conditioning: Eye Blink in Humans

(4)

Sensitization and Habituation

(1)

Conditioning and Awareness

(1)

What This Chapter Covers

(1)

Neural Basis of Classical Conditioning

(5)

Simple Learning in Aplysia (Sea Slug)

(2)

Classical Conditioning of the Eye Blink in the Rabbit

(2)

S--S or S--R Associations?

(4)

Response--Prevention Paradigm

(1)

US Devaluation Paradigm

(1)

Sensory Preconditioning Paradigm

(1)

Second-Order Conditioning Paradigm

(1)

Conclusions

(1)

What Is the Conditioned Stimulus?

(1)

What Is the Conditioned Response?

(4)

Association: The Role of Contingency

(5)

Rescorla's Experiment

(2)

Conditioned Inhibition

(1)

Associative Bias

(1)

Conclusions about the Nature of the Association

(1)

Conditioning to Stimulus Combinations

(2)

Blocking

(1)

Configural Cues

(1)

Conclusions

(1)

The Rescorla--Wagner Theory

(10)

Application to Compound Stimuli

(2)

Application to Blocking and Conditioned Inhibition

(2)

Problems with the Rescorla--Wagner Theory

(2)

Neural Realization: The Delta Rule

(3)

Final Reflections on Classical Conditioning

(2)

Further Readings

(1)

Instrumental Conditioning

(40)

Overview

(1)

Classical and Instrumental Conditioning Compared

(1)

What This Chapter Covers

(1)

What Is Associated?

(3)

Associations Between Responses and Neural Outcomes

(1)

Secondary Reinforcement

(1)

What Is the Conditioned Stimulus?

(11)

Generalization

(2)

Discrimination

(2)

Spence's Theory of Discrimination Learning

(1)

Relational Responding: Transposition

(1)

Dimensional or Attentional Learning

(3)

Configural Cues and Learning of Categories

(1)

What Is the Conditioned Response?

(5)

Maze Learning

(2)

Response Shaping and Instinctive Drift

(1)

Autoshaping

(1)

Association: Contiguity or Contingency?

(7)

Superstitious Learning

101

(1)

Partial Reinforcement

102

(1)

Learned Helplessness

103

(1)

Associative Bias

104

(2)

Instrumental Conditioning and Causal Inference

106

(3)

Application of the Rescorla-Wagner Theory

107

(1)

Interpretations

108

(1)

The Hippocampus and Conditioning

109

(7)

The Nature of Hippocampal Learning

112

(2)

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

114

(1)

Long-Term Potentiation and Hippocampal Learning

115

(1)

Final Reflections on Conditioning

116

(1)

Further Readings

117

(1)

Reinforcement and Learning

118

(34)

Some Basic Concepts and Principles

118

(7)

Rational Behavior

119

(2)

Effects of Reinforcement on Learning

121

(2)

Reward and Punishment

123

(2)

Aversive Control of Behavior

125

(5)

Punishment

125

(4)

Negative Reinforcement

129

(1)

The Nature of Reinforcement

130

(7)

Drive-Reduction Theory

130

(2)

Premack's Theory of Reinforcement

132

(2)

Neural Basis for Reinforcement

134

(1)

Equilibrium Theory and Bliss Points

134

(3)

Studies of Choice Behavior

137

(11)

Schedules of Reinforcement

137

(2)

Variable-Interval Schedules and the Matching Law

139

(1)

Momentary Maximizing

140

(2)

Probability Matching

142

(1)

Optimal Foraging Theory

143

(2)

Effects of Delay of Reinforcement

145

(3)

Mechanisms of Choice

148

(2)

Human Decision Making

148

(2)

Final Reflections

150

(1)

Further Readings

151

(1)

Transient Memories

152

(33)

Conditioning Research Versus Memory Research

152

(3)

Animal Research Versus Human Research

153

(2)

Sensory Memory

155

(5)

Visual Sensory Memory

155

(2)

Auditory Sensory Memory

157

(2)

Conclusions about Sensory Memory

159

(1)

The Raise and Fall of the Theory of Short-Term Memory

160

(6)

Effects of Rehearsal

160

(2)

Coding Differences

162

(2)

The Retention Function

164

(2)

Conclusions about Short-Term Memory

166

(1)

Rehearsal Systems

166

(12)

The Phonological Loop

167

(2)

The Visuo-spatial Sketch Pad

169

(2)

Working Memory and the Central Executive

171

(1)

The Sternberg Paradigm

172

(3)

Rehearsal Processes in Lower Organisms

175

(3)

The Neural Basis of Working Memory

178

(5)

Neural Imaging of Working Memory in Human

180

(3)

Final Reflections

183

(1)

Further Readings

184

(1)

Acquisition on Memories

185

(41)

Stages of Memory

185

(1)

Practice and Trace Strength

186

(11)

The Power Law of Learning

187

(4)

Repetition and Conditioning

191

(1)

Long-Term Potentiation and the Environment

192

(3)

Significance of a Power Function

195

(2)

Elaborateness of Processing

197

(6)

The Generation Effect

198

(2)

Differences Between Elaboration and Strength

200

(1)

Incidental Versus Intentional Learning

201

(1)

Implications for Education

202

(1)

The Structure of Memory

203

(18)

The Brain and Memory

203

(2)

An Abstract Representation of Permanent Memory

205

(1)

Priming

206

(1)

Chunking

207

(3)

Representation of Knowledge

210

(1)

Memory for Visual Information

211

(3)

Effects of Imagery

214

(1)

Meaningful Memory for Sentences

215

(1)

Differential Decay of Sensory and Semantic Information

216

(2)

Kintsch's Propositional Theory of Text Memory

218

(1)

The Bransford and Franks Study

219

(2)

Memory Representation in Other Species

221

(2)

Sequential Memory of Pigeons

221

(1)

Representational Structures in Primates

222

(1)

Final Reflections

223

(2)

Further Readings

225

(1)

Retention of Memories

226

(39)

Overview

226

(1)

The Retention Function

227

(7)

Decay: The Power Law of Forgetting

228

(3)

Degree of Learning and Forgetting

231

(1)

Environmental and Neural Bases for the Power Law of Forgetting

232

(2)

Spacing Effects

234

(5)

Spacing Effects on the Retention Function

237

(1)

Spacing Effects in the Environment

238

(1)

Interference

239

(17)

Item-Based Interference

241

(2)

A Theory of Associative Interference

243

(2)

Relationship to the Rescorla--Wagner Theory

245

(1)

Recognition Memory and Multiple Cues

246

(2)

Item Strength and Interference

248

(1)

Interference with Preexperimental Memories

249

(3)

Context-Based Interference

252

(2)

Is All Forgetting a Matter of Interference?

254

(2)

Retention of Emotionally Charged Material

256

(6)

Freud's Repression Hypothesis

256

(1)

Arousal and Retention

257

(2)

The False Memory Syndrome

259

(1)

Eyewitness Memory and Flashbulb Memories

260

(2)

Final Reflections

262

(2)

Further Readings

264

(1)

Retrieval of Memories

265

(39)

Overview

265

(1)

The Relationship Between Various Explicit Measures of Memory

266

(13)

Recognition Versus Recall of Word Lists

268

(2)

Retrieval Strategies and Free Recall

270

(1)

Mnemonic Strategies for Recall

271

(2)

Evaluation of the Generate-Recognize Theory

273

(3)

Measuring Recognition Memory: The High-Threshold Model

276

(1)

Signal Detectability Theory

276

(3)

Conclusions about Recognition Versus Recall

279

(1)

Interactions Between Study and Test

279

(11)

Context Dependency of Memory

279

(1)

State-Dependent Memory

280

(2)

Mood-Dependency and Mood-Congruence Effects

282

(2)

Enconding-Specificity Principle and Transfer-Appropriate Processing

284

(1)

Reconstructive and Inferential Memory

285

(2)

Inferential Intrusions in Recall

287

(2)

Conclusions About Study--Test Interactions

289

(1)

Explicity Versus Implicit Memories

290

(12)

Feeling of Knowing

290

(1)

Familiarity

291

(3)

Retrieval Facilitation

294

(1)

Interactions with Study Conditions

295

(3)

Amnesia in Humans

298

(3)

Selective Amnesia

301

(1)

Final Reflections

302

(1)

Further Readings

303

(1)

Skill Acquisition

304

(34)

Overview

304

(7)

Power Law Learning

307

(3)

Stages of Skill Acquisition

310

(1)

The Cognitive Stage

311

(8)

Difference Reduction

312

(2)

Operator Subgoaling

314

(5)

The Associative Stage

319

(6)

The Conversion of Problem Solving into Retrieval

320

(2)

Production Rules

322

(2)

The Knowledge-Intensive Nature of Skill

324

(1)

The Autonomous Stage

325

(11)

The Motor Program

326

(2)

Noncognitive Control

328

(1)

Generality of Motor Programs

329

(1)

Learning of Motor Programs

330

(1)

Tuning of Motor Program: Schema Theory

331

(3)

The Role of Feedback

334

(2)

Final Reflections

336

(1)

Further Readings

337

(1)

Inductive Learning

338

(39)

Overview

338

(2)

Concept Acquisition

340

(14)

Concept-Identification Studies

341

(2)

Hypothesis Testing

343

(3)

Natural Concepts

346

(3)

A Schema Theory: Gluck and Bower

349

(1)

An Exemplar Theory: Medin and Schaffer

350

(2)

A Pluralistic View of Concept Acquistion

352

(2)

Causal Inference

354

(10)

Statistical Cues

355

(2)

Cues of Spatial and Temporal Contiguity

357

(4)

Kinematic Cues

361

(1)

Understanding Complex Systems

362

(2)

Conclusions about Causal Inference

364

(1)

Language Acquisition

364

(11)

Character of Language Acquisition

366

(2)

Theories of Past-Tense Acquisition

368

(2)

A Critical Period for Language Acquisition

370

(1)

Innate Language-Learning Abilities

371

(1)

Animal Language Learning

372

(3)

Final Reflections

375

(1)

Further Readings

376

(1)

Applications to Education

377

(38)

The Goals of Education

377

(6)

Reading

379

(1)

Mathematics

380

(3)

Psychology and Education

383

(4)

The Behaviorist Program

383

(3)

Mastery Learning

386

(1)

The Cognitive Approach

387

(1)

Reading Instruction

387

(10)

Nature of the Adult Skill

388

(3)

Phonetic Decoding Skills

391

(2)

Comprehension Skills

393

(3)

Conclusions about Reading Instruction

396

(1)

Mathematics Instruction

397

(16)

Basic Arithmetic Facts

399

(1)

Multicolumn Subtraction

400

(1)

Algebraic Word Problems

401

(4)

Geometric Proof Skills

405

(2)

Intelligent Tutoring Systems

407

(4)

The Role of Mathematics in Life

411

(2)

Final Reflections

413

(1)

Further Readings

414

(1)

Glossary

415

(11)

Bibliography

426

(41)

Photo Credits

467

(2)

Author Index

469

(12)

Subject Index

481

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Learning and Memory: An Integrated Approach, 2nd Edition

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