Software Measurement and Estimation A Practical Approach

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ISBN: 9780471676225 | 0471676225
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 6/5/2006

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This book serves as a practical guide to metrics and quantitative software estimation Begins with the foundations of measurement and metrics, and then focuses on techniques and tools for estimation of the required effort and the resulting quality of a software project Addresses how software effort estimation can be used to create more accurate estimates, justify estimates based on data, decrease the risks of missing deadlines and cost targets, plus more Numerous examples illustrate how to use the tools and methodologies to solve real problems

Acknowledgments

1. Introduction

(6)

1.1 Objective

(1)

1.2 Approach

(1)

1.3 Motivation

(2)

1.4 Summary

(1)

References

(1)

2. What to Measure

(8)

2.1 Method 1: The Goal Question Metrics Approach

(1)

2.2 Method 2: Decision Maker Model

(1)

2.3 Method 3: Standards Driven Metrics

(1)

2.4 Extension to GQM: Metrics Mechanism

(1)

2.5 What to Measure Is a Function of Time

(1)

2.6 Summary

(1)

Problems

(1)

Project

(1)

References

(2)

3. Measurement Fundamentals

(19)

3.1 Initial Measurement Exercise

(1)

3.2 The Challenge of Measurement

(1)

3.3 Measurement Models

(4)

3.3.1 Text Models

(2)

3.3.2 Diagrammatic Models

(1)

3.3.3 Algorithmic Models

(1)

3.3.4 Model Examples: Response Time

(1)

3.3.5 The Pantometric Paradigm: How to Measure Anything

(1)

3.4 Meta-Model for Metrics

(1)

3.5 The Power of Measurement

(1)

3.6 Measurement Theory

(8)

3.6.1 Introduction to Measurement Theory

(1)

3.6.2 Measurement Scales

(1)

3.6.3 Measures of Central Tendency and Variability

(4)

3.6.3.1 Measures of Central Tendency

(1)

3.6.3.2 Measures of Variability

(2)

3.6.4 Validity and Reliability of Measurement

(1)

3.6.5 Measurement Error

(2)

3.7 Accuracy Versus Precision and the Limits of Software Metrics

(1)

3.8 Summary

(1)

Problems

(2)

Projects

(1)

References

(1)

4. Measuring Size

(20)

4.1 Physical Measurements of Software

(6)

4.1.1 Measuring Lines of Code

(1)

4.1.2 Language Productivity Factor

(2)

4.1.3 Counting Reused and Refactored Code

(2)

4.1.4 Counting Nonprocedural Code Length

(1)

4.1.5 Measuring the Length of Specifications and Design

(1)

4.2 Measuring Functionality

(11)

4.2.1 Function Points

(9)

4.2.1.1 Counting Function Points

(4)

4.2.1.2 Function Point Example

(2)

4.2.1.3 Converting Function Points to Physical Size

(1)

4.2.1.4 Converting Function Points to Effort

(1)

4.2.1.5 Other Function Point Engineering Rules

(1)

4.2.1.6 Function Point Pros and Cons

(1)

4.2.2 Feature Points

(1)

4.3 Summary

(1)

Problems

(1)

Project

(1)

References

(1)

5. Measuring Complexity

(25)

5.1 Structural Complexity

(18)

5.1.1 Size as a Complexity Measure

(3)

5.1.1.1 System Size and Complexity

(1)

5.1.1.2 Module Size and Complexity

(2)

5.1.2 Cyclomatic Complexity

(5)

5.1.3 Halstead's Metrics

(2)

5.1.4 Information Flow Metrics

(2)

5.1.5 System Complexity

(4)

5.1.5.1 Maintainability Index

(2)

5.1.5.2 The Agresti–Card System Complexity Metric

(2)

5.1.6 Object-Oriented Design Metrics

(2)

5.1.7 Structural Complexity Summary

(1)

5.2 Conceptual Complexity

(1)

5.3 Computational Complexity

(1)

5.4 Summary

(1)

Problems

(2)

Projects

(1)

References

(1)

6. Estimating Effort

(39)

6.1 Effort Estimation: Where Are We?

(1)

6.2 Software Estimation Methodologies and Models

(26)

6.2.1 Expert Estimation

(3)

6.2.1.1 Work and Activity Decomposition

(1)

6.2.1.2 System Decomposition

(1)

6.2.1.3 The Delphi Methods

(1)

6.2.2 Using Benchmark Size Data

(3)

6.2.2.1 Lines of Code Benchmark Data

(2)

6.2.2.2 Function Point Benchmark Data

(1)

6.2.3 Estimation by Analogy

(3)

6.2.3.1 Traditional Analogy Approach

(2)

6.2.3.2 Analogy Summary

(1)

6.2.4 Proxy Point Estimation Methods

(10)

6.2.4.1 Meta-Model for Effort Estimation

(1)

6.2.4.2 Function Points

(2)

6.2.4.3 Object Points

(1)

6.2.4.4 Use Case Sizing Methodologies

(6)

6.2.5 Custom Models

101

(2)

6.2.6 Algorithmic Models

103

(5)

6.2.6.1 Manual Models

103

(2)

6.2.6.2 Estimating Project Duration

105

(1)

6.2.6.3 Tool-Based Models

105

(2)

6.3 Combining Estimates

107

(1)

6.4 Estimating Issues

108

(4)

6.4.1 Targets Versus Estimates

108

(1)

6.4.2 The Limitations of Estimation: Why?

109

(1)

6.4.3 Estimate Uncertainties

109

(3)

6.5 Estimating Early and Often

112

(1)

6.6 Summary

113

(1)

Problems

114

(2)

Projects

116

(1)

References

116

(2)

7. In Praise of Defects: Defects and Defect Metrics

118

(26)

7.1 Why Study and Measure Defects?

118

(1)

7.2 Faults Versus Failures

119

(1)

7.3 Defect Dynamics and Behaviors

120

(3)

7.3.1 Defect Arrival Rates

120

(1)

7.3.2 Defects Versus Effort

120

(1)

7.3.3 Defects Versus Staffing

120

(1)

7.3.4 Defect Arrival Rates Versus Code Production Rate

121

(1)

7.3.5 Defect Density Versus Module Complexity

122

(1)

7.3.6 Defect Density Versus System Size

122

(1)

7.4 Defect Projection Techniques and Models

123

(10)

7.4.1 Dynamic Defect Models

123

(6)

7.4.1.1 Rayleigh Models

124

(3)

7.4.1.2 Exponential and S-Curves Arrival Distribution Models

127

(1)

7.4.1.3 Empirical Data and Recommendations for Dynamic Models

128

(1)

7.4.2 Static Defect Models

129

(4)

7.4.2.1 Defect Insertion and Removal Model

129

(1)

7.4.2.2 Defect Removal Efficiency: A Key Metric

130

(2)

7.4.2.3 Static Defect Model Tools

132

(1)

7.5 Additional Defect Benchmark Data

133

(3)

7.5.1 Defect Data by Application Domain

133

(1)

7.5.2 Cumulative Defect Removal Efficiency (DRE) Benchmark

134

(1)

7.5.3 SEI Levels and Defect Relationships

134

(1)

7.5.4 Latent Defects

135

(1)

7.5.5 A Few Recommendations

135

(1)

7.6 Cost Effectiveness of Defect Removal by Phase

136

(1)

7.7 Defining and Using Simple Defect Metrics: An Example

136

(3)

7.8 Some Paradoxical Patterns for Customer Reported Defects

139

(1)

7.9 Answers to the Initial Questions

140

(1)

7.10 Summary

140

(1)

Problems

141

(1)

Projects

142

(1)

References

142

(2)

8. Software Reliability Measurement and Prediction

144

(23)

8.1 Why Study and Measure Software Reliability?

144

(1)

8.2 What Is Reliability?

144

(1)

8.3 Faults and Failures

145

(1)

8.4 Failure Severity Classes

145

(1)

8.5 Failure Intensity

146

(1)

8.6 The Cost of Reliability

147

(1)

8.7 Software Reliability Theory

148

(4)

8.7.1 Uniform and Random Distributions

148

(2)

8.7.2 The Probability of Failure During a Time Interval

150

(1)

8.7.3 F(t): The Probability of Failure by Time T

151

(1)

8.7.4 R(t): The Reliability Function

151

(1)

8.7.5 Reliability Theory Summarized

152

(1)

8.8 Reliability Models

152

(3)

8.8.1 Types of Models

152

(2)

8.8.2 Predicting Number of Defects Remaining

154

(1)

8.9 Failure Arrival Rates

155

(6)

8.9.1 Predicting Failure Arrival Rates Using Historical Data

155

(1)

8.9.2 Engineering Rules for MTTF

156

(1)

8.9.3 Musa's Algorithm

157

(1)

8.9.4 Operational Profile Testing

158

(3)

8.9.5 Predicting Reliability Summary

161

(1)

8.10 But When Do I Ship?

161

(1)

8.11 System Configurations: Probability and Reliability

161

(2)

8.12 Answers to Initial Question

163

(1)

8.13 Summary

164

(1)

Problems

164

(1)

Project

165

(1)

References

166

(1)

9. Response Time and Availability

167

(14)

9.1 Response Time Measurements

168

(2)

9.2 Availability

170

(7)

9.2.1 Availability Factors

172

(1)

9.2.2 Outage Scope

173

(1)

9.2.3 Complexities in Measuring Availability

173

(1)

9.2.4 Software Rejuvenation

174

(14)

9.2.4.1 Software Aging

175

(1)

9.2.4.2 Classification of Faults

175

(1)

9.2.4.3 Software Rejuvenation Techniques

175

(1)

9.2.4.4 Impact of Rejuvenation on Availability

176

(1)

9.3 Summary

177

(1)

Problems

178

(1)

Project

179

(1)

References

180

(1)

10. Measuring Progress

181

(16)

10.1 Project Milestones

182

(3)

10.2 Code Integration

185

(2)

10.3 Testing Progress

187

(1)

10.4 Defects Discovery and Closure

188

(4)

10.4.1 Defect Discovery

189

(1)

10.4.2 Defect Closure

190

(2)

10.5 Process Effectiveness

192

(2)

10.6 Summary

194

(1)

Problems

195

(1)

Project

196

(1)

References

196

(1)

11. Outsourcing

197

(11)

11.1 The "O" Word

197

(1)

11.2 Defining Outsourcing

198

(3)

11.3 Risk Management and Outsourcing

201

(2)

11.4 Metrics and the Contract

203

(3)

11.5 Summary

206

(1)

Problems

206

(1)

Projects

207

(1)

References

207

(1)

12. Financial Measures for the Software Engineer

208

(23)

12.1 It's All About the Green

208

(1)

12.2 Financial Concepts

209

(1)

12.3 Building the Business Case

209

(15)

12.3.1 Understanding Costs

210

(6)

12.3.1.1 Salaries

210

(1)

12.3.1.2 Overhead costs

210

(1)

12.3.1.3 Risk Costs

211

(2)

12.3.1.4 Capital Versus Expense

213

(3)

12.3.2 Understanding Benefits

216

(2)

12.3.3 Business Case Metrics

218

(6)

12.3.3.1 Return on Investment

218

(1)

12.3.3.2 Payback Period

219

(1)

12.3.3.3 Cost/Benefit Ratio

220

(1)

12.3.3.4 Profit and Loss Statement

221

(1)

12.3.3.5 Cash Flow

222

(1)

12.3.3.6 Expected Value

223

(1)

12.4 Living the Business Case

224

(1)

12.5 Summary

224

(3)

Problems

227

(1)

Projects

228

(2)

References

230

(1)

13. Benchmarking

231

(7)

13.1 What Is Benchmarking?

231

(1)

13.2 Why Benchmark?

232

(1)

13.3 What to Benchmark

232

(1)

13.4 Identifying and Obtaining a Benchmark

233

(1)

13.5 Collecting Actual Data

233

(1)

13.6 Taking Action

234

(1)

13.7 Current Benchmarks

234

(2)

13.8 Summary

236

(1)

Problems

236

(1)

Projects

236

(1)

References

237

(1)

14. Presenting Metrics Effectively to Management

238

(14)

14.1 Decide on the Metrics

239

(1)

14.2 Draw the Picture

240

(3)

14.3 Create a Dashboard

243

(1)

14.4 Drilling for Information

243

(4)

14.5 Example for the Big Cheese

247

(2)

14.6 Evolving Metrics

249

(1)

14.7 Summary

250

(1)

Problems

250

(1)

Project

251

(1)

Reference

251

(1)

Index

252

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Software Measurement and Estimation A Practical Approach

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Author Biography

Table of Contents

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