Handbook of Pediatric Nutrition

, by Samour, Patricia Queen; Helm, Kathy King; Lang, Carol E.

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ISBN: 9780763733056 | 0763733059
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/1/2003

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Thoroughly revised and updated, this essential reference for all dietitians includes new chapters on cardiac disease and nutrition counseling. This book covers the needs of every age group, from infants and toddlers to pre-teens and adolescents. It includes state-of-the-art recommendations on a host of conditions--from anorexia and bulimia to diabetes, cancer, and cystic fibrosis. It also includes hundreds of charts, checklists, and guidelines.

Contributors	p. xi
Preface	p. xv
Normal Pediatric Nutrition and Growth	p. 1
Physical Growth and Development	p. 3
What is Growth?	p. 3
How is Growth Measured?	p. 3
General Periods and Patterns of Growth	p. 3
Growth of Body Tissues	p. 7
Growth of Lean Body Mass	p. 8
Growth of Total Body Fat	p. 9
Skeletal Growth	p. 9
How to Assess Growth Status	p. 12
Growth Velocity	p. 13
Special Children	p. 14
Conclusions	p. 14
Nutritional Assessment	p. 17
Screening	p. 17
Nutritional Assessment	p. 18
Data Evaluation and Plan	p. 35
Conclusions	p. 38
Nutrition for Premature Infants	p. 43
Parenteral Nutrition	p. 46
Enteral Nutrition	p. 49
Nutritional Assessment	p. 57
Discharge Concerns	p. 60
Conclusions	p. 60
Normal Nutrition During Infancy	p. 65
Breastfeeding	p. 65
Bottle Feeding	p. 70
Supplementation of Vitamins and Minerals for All Infants	p. 82
Weaning and Feeding Progression	p. 84
Dental Caries in Infancy	p. 86
Whole Cow's Milk	p. 89
Juice Consumption During Infancy	p. 89
Feeding Problems	p. 90
Conclusions	p. 94
Normal Nutrition from Infancy through Adolescence	p. 99
Progress in Growth and Development	p. 99
Food Intake Patterns and Guidelines	p. 102
Nutrition Issues	p. 109
Diet and Dental Health	p. 109
Effect of Diet on Learning and Behavior	p. 113
Adolescent Pregnancy	p. 114
Substance Abuse	p. 115
Health Promotion	p. 116
Nutrition Education	p. 117
Nutrition Counseling	p. 121
Counseling Children versus Adults-What is the Difference?	p. 121
How Children Learn	p. 121
Developmental Stages	p. 122
Creating a Learning Environment	p. 125
The Counseling Experience	p. 126
Providing Developmentally Appropriate Experiences	p. 128
Role of the Parent	p. 129
Counseling the Child with Special Needs	p. 130
Summary	p. 131
Vegetarianism in Children	p. 133
Reasons for Choosing a Vegetarian Diet	p. 133
Counseling the Vegetarian Client	p. 133
Alternative Medical Beliefs and the Vegetarian Diet	p. 142
Vegetarian Diets Throughout Childhood	p. 143
Summary	p. 146
Food Hypersensitivities	p. 149
Pathophysiology	p. 151
Clinical Manifestations	p. 154
Non-IgE-Mediated Food Hypersensitivity	p. 155
Diagnosing Food Hypersensitivity	p. 155
Therapy	p. 162
Cross-Contamination	p. 165
Milk Hypersensitivity	p. 165
Egg Hypersensitivity	p. 165
Soybean Hypersensitivity	p. 166
Wheat Hypersensitivity	p. 166
Fish Hypersensitivity	p. 166
Peanut Hypersensitivity	p. 166
Other Principles of Management and Treatment	p. 167
Accidental Ingestion	p. 167
Natural History and Prevention	p. 168
Childhood Obesity	p. 173
Risks Associated with Childhood Obesity	p. 173
Definition and Measurement	p. 173
Etiology	p. 174
Longitudinal Perspective on Child and Adolescent Obesity	p. 174
Assessment and Diagnosis	p. 177
Treatment	p. 180
Conclusion	p. 183
Eating Disorders	p. 191
Definitions	p. 191
Etiology	p. 192
Incidence and Prevalence	p. 192
Medical, Psychologic, and Behavioral Changes	p. 194
Prognosis	p. 195
Treatment	p. 195
Case Study: Anorexia Nervosa	p. 200
Case Study: Bulimia Nervosa	p. 201
Sports Nutrition for Children and Adolescents	p. 205
Physical Activity	p. 205
Physiologic Effects of Exercise	p. 205
Nutritional Concerns	p. 210
Exercise Recommendations in Specific Groups	p. 211
Recognition and Treatment of Nutrition Disorders Related to Sports	p. 219
Ergogenic Aids and Drugs	p. 219
Exercise Program Recommendations	p. 222
Community Nutrition	p. 225
Community Nutrition Services and Programs for Children	p. 225
Federal Food and Nutrition Education Resources	p. 225
Other Food Resources in the Community	p. 229
Nutrition Components and Services in Federal Programs	p. 229
State and Local Nutrition Services	p. 231
Other Nutrition Education Resources	p. 232
The Role of Community Nutritionists in Public Health Programs	p. 232
Providing Community Nutrition Services in a Changing Environment	p. 233
Therapeutic Pediatric Nutrition	p. 241
Nutrition Support of Inborn Errors of Metabolism	p. 243
Principles and Practical Considerations in Nutrition Support	p. 243
Inborn Errors of Amino Acid Metabolism	p. 246
Inborn Errors of Nitrogen Metabolism	p. 271
Inborn Errors of Carbohydrate Metabolism	p. 284
Inborn Errors of Lipoprotein Metabolism	p. 285
Inborn Errors of Mineral Metabolism	p. 285
Areas Requiring Further Research	p. 285
Functions of the Dietitian in Nutrition Support of Patients With an Inborn Error of Metabolism	p. 286
Developmental Disabilities	p. 293
Definition of Developmental Disabilities	p. 293
Nutritional Needs of the Child with Developmental Disabilities	p. 293
Nutritional Assessment	p. 298
Management of Nutrition Concerns	p. 304
Management of Nutritional Problems	p. 308
Other Nutritional Considerations	p. 312
Conclusion	p. 312
Pulmonary Diseases	p. 315
Cystic Fibrosis	p. 315
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia	p. 332
Asthma	p. 343
Gastrointestinal Disorders	p. 355
Diagnostic Tests	p. 355
Acute Diarrhea	p. 355
Chronic Diarrhea of Infancy	p. 355
Celiac Disease	p. 365
Inflammatory Bowel Disease	p. 366
Lactose Intolerance	p. 369
Constipation	p. 370
Pancreatic Insufficiency and Cholestatic Liver Disease	p. 370
Short Bowel Syndrome	p. 373
Liver Transplantation	p. 377
Chronic Renal Disease	p. 385
Conservative Management	p. 387
Dialysis	p. 390
Transplantation	p. 391
Conclusion	p. 393
Failure to Thrive	p. 395
Introduction	p. 395
Diagnostic Criteria and Evaluation of Growth	p. 395
Classification of Severity of Undernutrition	p. 398
Medical Evaluation	p. 399
Psychosocial Evaluation	p. 399
Parent-Child Interactions	p. 402
Nutrition Evaluation	p. 403
Assessment of the Diet	p. 404
Prognosis	p. 407
Cardiology	p. 413
Congenital Heart Disease	p. 413
Acute Care	p. 414
Extracorporeal Life Support	p. 416
Parenteral Nutrition Support	p. 417
Enteral Nutrition Support	p. 417
Chronic Care	p. 419
Nutrition Management of Pediatric Hyperlipidemia	p. 420
Diabetes	p. 425
Medical Nutrition Therapy for the Child With Diabetes	p. 425
The Diabetes Team	p. 425
Nutrition Principles for the Management of Diabetes and Related Complications	p. 427
Designing the Meal Plan	p. 433
Age-Specific Developmental Considerations	p. 439
Pregnancy	p. 445
Monitoring Tools	p. 446
Organizations and Publications	p. 449
Conclusion	p. 450
Pediatric Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome	p. 453
Definitions for AIDS Surveillance of Children	p. 453
Diagnosis	p. 455
Epidemiology	p. 455
Clinical Manifestations	p. 455
Medications	p. 456
Nutritional Implications	p. 458
Growth and Body Composition	p. 458
Nutritional Assessment	p. 459
Caloric Requirements	p. 460
Nutritional Intervention	p. 460
Conclusion	p. 462
Oncology and Marrow Transplantation	p. 465
Nutritional Effects of Cancer	p. 465
Nutritional Effects of Cancer Therapy	p. 469
Nutritional Assessment	p. 477
Nutrient Requirements	p. 480
Nutritional Support	p. 480
Special Considerations	p. 485
Additional Resources	p. 488
Nutrition in the Burned Pediatric Patient	p. 493
Anatomic and Physiologic Considerations	p. 493
Metabolic Manifestations of Thermal Injury	p. 494
Fluid Requirements	p. 495
Caloric Needs	p. 496
Carbohydrate Needs	p. 498
Protein Needs	p. 500
Fat Needs	p. 500
Micronutrient Needs	p. 501
Nutritional Intervention Strategies	p. 502
Parenteral Hyperalimentation	p. 507
Nutritional Assessment	p. 508
Conclusion	p. 508
Enteral Nutrition	p. 513
Patient Selection	p. 513
Product Selection	p. 515
Product Availability and Cost	p. 524
Administration of Feeding	p. 530
Prevention and Treatment of Complications	p. 535
Weaning	p. 538
Planning for Home Enteral Support	p. 540
Parenteral Nutrition	p. 551
Clinical Indications	p. 551
Vascular Access	p. 553
Solution Administration Methods and Equipment	p. 555
Cycling	p. 561
Fluid and Electrolytes	p. 561
Energy	p. 563
Carbohydrate	p. 563
Protein	p. 566
Fat	p. 572
Vitamins	p. 574
Minerals	p. 574
Patient Monitoring	p. 578
Psychosocial Issues	p. 579
Reimbursement	p. 582
Botanicals in Pediatrics	p. 589
Growth of the Herbal Market	p. 590
Definitions	p. 590
The Use of Herbs and Phytomedicines in Pediatrics	p. 592
Conclusion	p. 599
Premature Infant Growth Charts	p. 601
Incremental Growth Charts	p. 605
Down Syndrome Growth Charts	p. 627
BMI and Weight Gain Charts	p. 633
Body Mass Index for Selected Weights and Statures	p. 639
Percentiles for Body Mass Index in US Children 5 to 17 Years of Age	p. 645
Nomograms	p. 653
Arm and Skinfold Measurements	p. 657
Progression of Sexual Development	p. 667
Biochemical Evaluation of Nutrition Status	p. 669
Dietary References Intakes and Recommended Dietary Allowances	p. 681
General Guidelines, Daily Values, Food Guide Pyramid, and Conversion Tables	p. 689
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Handbook of Pediatric Nutrition

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