Climates of the Southern Continents Present,

This book fills a significant gap in the climatological literature; comprehensive assessment of the climates of the southern hemisphere. It is the first book of its type to provide a consolidated view of the climates of southern Africa, Australia, South America and Antarctica, addressing past and future climates as well as those in the present.

John (Jack) Hobbs is the author of Climates of the Southern Continents: Present, Past and Future, published by Wiley.

J. A. Lindesay is the author of Climates of the Southern Continents: Present, Past and Future, published by Wiley.

Howard A. Bridgman is the author of Climates of the Southern Continents: Present, Past and Future, published by Wiley.

List of Figures

ix

(7)

List of Tables

xvi

(1)

List of Plates

xvii

(1)

List of Contributors

xviii

(1)

Preface

xix

1 Introduction: a Southern Hemisphere Overview

1

(4)

Jack Hobbs

Janette Lindesay

Howard Bridgman

References

4

(1)

2 Present Climates of Southern Africa

5

(58)

Janette Lindesay

2.1 Introduction

5

(2)

2.2 Physical setting

7

(2)

2.3 The principal components of climate

9

(16)

2.4 Rainfall-producing systems

25

(8)

2.5 Rainfall variability and extremes

33

(17)

2.6 Summary

50

(2)

References

52

(11)

3 Present Climates of Australia and New Zealand

63

(44)

Jack Hobbs

3.1 Introduction

63

(1)

3.2 Climatic patterns

63

(9)

3.3 Atmospheric circulation in the Australian region

72

(9)

3.4 Australian weather systems

81

(15)

3.5 New Zealand

96

(1)

3.6 The role of the oceans

97

(3)

3.7 Summary

100

(1)

References

101

(6)

4 Present Climates of South America

107

(30)

Randy Cerveny

4.1 Introduction

107

(1)

4.2 General characteristics

108

(7)

4.3 Regional climates

115

(8)

4.4 El Nino Southern Oscillation teleconnections

123

(5)

4.5 Regional climate issues

128

(2)

4.6 Summary

130

(2)

References

132

(5)

5 The Climate of the Antarctic Region

137

(24)

Ian Simmonds

5.1 Introduction

137

(2)

5.2 General considerations

139

(3)

5.3 Mean surface and upper level structure

142

(2)

5.4 The semi-annual oscillation

144

(5)

5.5 Cyclonic systems in the Antarctic region

149

(3)

5.6 Sea ice

152

(4)

5.7 Summary

156

(1)

References

156

(5)

6 Past Climates of Southern Africa

161

(46)

Janette Lindesay

6.1 Introduction

161

(1)

6.2 The last 4000 million years: an overview

162

(1)

6.3 The Cretaceous and Tertiary

163

(4)

6.4 Quaternary climates of southern Africa

167

(12)

6.5 Modelling southern African Quaternary climates

179

(7)

6.6 Climates of the last 3000 years

186

(11)

6.7 Summary

197

(1)

References

197

(10)

7 Past Climates of Australasia

207

(42)

Rob Allan

Janette Lindesay

7.1 Introduction

207

(1)

7.2 The early to mid-Quaternary

208

(4)

7.3 The late Quaternary to the Holocene

212

(17)

7.4 The Holocene prior to European settlement in Australia

229

(6)

7.5 The historical period since European settlement in Australia

235

(4)

7.6 Summary

239

(1)

References

240

(9)

8 Past Climates of South America

249

(16)

Vera Markgraf

8.1 Introduction

249

(1)

8.2 The southern westerlies

250

(5)

8.3 The El Nino Southern Oscillation

255

(5)

8.4 The Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone

260

(1)

8.5 Summary

261

(1)

References

262

(3)

9 Future Climate Scenarios for the Southern Continents

265

(28)

Howard Bridgman

9.1 Introduction

265

(1)

9.2 Methods used to establish future climate scenarios

266

(3)

9.3 Future climate scenarios for the mid- to late 21st century

269

(17)

9.4 Climate in AD 4000

286

(3)

9.5 Summary

289

(1)

References

290

(3)

Index

293

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Climates of the Southern Continents Present, Past and Future

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials