Biosurfactants and Sustainability From Biorefineries Production to Versatile Applications

A timely and authoritative collection of resources on the sustainable production of biosurfactants

In Biosurfactants and Sustainability, a team of distinguished researchers presents emerging themes in the rapidly evolving field of biosurfactants. The editors have chosen work that focuses on biosurfactants as eco-friendly and versatile compounds of interest in societies seeking sustainable forms of development. The book examines biosurfactants in the context of biorefineries and in the exploration of extremophilic microorganisms for biosurfactant production.

The included works discuss biosurfactant production from different lignocellulosic and amylaceous raw materials, as well as oilseeds and other agro-industrial byproducts. Readers will also find:

• A thorough introduction to microorganisms producing biosurfactants, as well as sustainable biosurfactant production in biorefineries
• Comprehensive explorations of the challenges of biosurfactant production in fermentation processes
• Practical discussions of bioreactors and metabolic engineering used in biosurfactant production
• Fulsome treatments of biosurfactant production using enzyme and novel biosurfactant applications in nanotechnology, health, agriculture, and environmental cleanup

Perfect for researchers and professionals with an interest in biosurfactant application and biotechnology processes, Biosurfactants and Sustainability will also benefit academic researchers, industry scientists, and engineers in biotechnology, microbiology, biomass conversion, environmental science and engineering.

Paulo Ricardo Franco Marcelino, PhD, Biotechnology Department, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Brazil.

Silvio Silverio da Silva, PhD, Biotechnology Department, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Brazil.

Antonio Ortiz Lopez, PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Murcia, Spain.

List of Contributors xi

Foreword xv

Introduction 1
Paulo Ricardo Franco Marcelino, Carlos Augusto Ramos, Guilherme de Oliveira Silva, Ramiro Reyes Guzman, Silvio Silverio da Silva, and Antonio Ortiz Lopez

Biosurfactants: Concept, Biological Functions, Classification, General Properties and Applications 1

1 Microorganisms Producing Biosurfactants in the Current Scenario 11
Fernanda Palladino, Rita C.L.B. Rodrigues, Yasmim Senden dos Santos, and Carlos A. Rosa

1.1 Introduction 11

1.2 Microbial Biosurfactants 12

1.2.1 Structure and Classification of Biosurfactants 12

1.2.2 Biosurfactants Producing Yeasts 14

1.2.3 Biosurfactants Produced by Extremophile Microorganisms 17

1.3 Industrial Applications of Biosurfactants 18

References 20

2 Selection of Biosurfactant-Producing Microorganisms 29
Julio Bonilla Jaime, Luis Galarza Romero, and Jonathan Coronel León

2.1 Introduction 29

2.2 Traditional Methods of Detection 30

2.2.1 Direct Measure of Surface/interfacial Activity 31

2.2.2 Indirect Measure of Surface/interfacial Activity 32

2.2.3 EffectsofCultureMediaBasedonAgro-industrialBy-productsonProperties of BS 34

2.3 High-throughputAnalysisMethodfortheScreeningofPotentialBiosurfactants Producers 35

2.4 Screening of Microorganisms Biosurfactants and Lipases Producers 40

2.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 45

References 46

3 Metabolic Engineering as a Tool for Biosurfactant Production by Microorganisms 61
Roberta Barros Lovaglio, Vinícius Luiz da Silva, and Jonas Contiero

3.1 Metabolic Engineering and Biosurfactants 61

3.2 Regulation and Heterologous Production of Biosurfactants 63

3.3 Extension of Substrate Range for Biosurfactant Production 67

3.4 Improvement of Overall Cellular Physiology 68

3.5 Elimination or Reduction of By-product 69

3.6 Future Perspectives 69

3.7 Conclusions 70

References 71

4 Biosurfactant Production in the Context of Biorefineries 77
Paulo Ricardo Franco Marcelino, Carlos Augusto Ramos, Maria Teresa Ramos, Renan Murbach Pereira, Rafael Rodrigues Philippini, Emily Emy Matsumura, and Silvio Silvério da Silva

4.1 Biorefineries in Contemporary Society 77

4.2 Biomass and Biorefineries: Industrial By-products as Raw Materials for Biorefineries 78

4.3 Biosurfactant Production in the Context of Lignocellulosic Biorefineries 80

4.4 Biosurfactant Production in the Context of Oleaginous Biorefineries 85

4.5 Biosurfactant Production in the Context of Starchy and Biodiesel Biorefineries 87

4.6 Conclusion 88

References 88

5 Biosurfactant Production by Solid-state Fermentation in Biorefineries 95
Daylin Rubio-Ribeaux, Rogger Alessandro Mata da Costa, Dayana Montero Rodríguez, Nathália Sá Alencar do Amaral Marques, Gilda Mariano Silva, and Silvio Silvério da Silva

5.1 Introduction 95

5.2 Advantages of Biosurfactant Production by Solid-State Fermentation 96

5.3 Suitable Biomasses for Biosurfactant Production in Biorefineries 96

5.4 Microorganisms Used in Biosurfactant Production by Solid-state Fermentation 98

5.5 Raw Materials Used in Solid-state Fermentation for Biosurfactant Production 99

5.6 Pretreatment of Raw Materials for the Production of Biosurfactants in Solid-state Fermentation 101

5.7 Physicochemical Factors of Solid-state Fermentation 103

5.8 Strategies for Scaling-up of Solid-state Fermentation for Biosurfactant Production 105

5.9 Conclusion 108

References 108

6 An Overview of Developments and Challenges in the Production of Biosurfactant by Fermentation Processes 117
F.G. Barbosa, M.J. Castro-Alonso, T.M. Rocha, S. Sánchez-Muñoz, G.L. de Arruda, M.C.A. Viana, C.A. Prado, P.R.F. Marcelino, J.C. Santos, and Silvio S. Da Silva

6.1 Introduction 117

6.2 Current Market and Potential Applications of Biosurfactants 118

6.3 Biosurfactant as a Sustainable Alternative: Factors Influencing its Production 118

6.3.1 Factors Involved in the Biosurfactant Production 119

6.4 Strategies and Main Challenges for Biosurfactant Production 122

6.4.1 Process Configurations as Strategies for Biosurfactant Production 123

6.4.2 Bioreactors Used in the Biosurfactants Production: Types, Advantages, and Disadvantages 125

6.4.3 Biosurfactant Separation Processes 128

6.5 Future Perspectives and Conclusion 132

References 132

7 Enzymatic Production of Biosurfactants 143
Ana Karine F. de Carvalho, Heitor B.S. Bento, Felipe R. Carlos, Vitor B. Hidalgo, Cintia M. Romero, Bruno C. Gambarato, and Patrícia C.M. Da Rós

7.1 Introduction 143

7.2 What are the Biosurfactants Produced Enzymatically? Esterification Reactions of Sugars and Fatty Acids Catalyzed by Enzymes 144

7.2.1 Esterification Reactions of Sugars and Fatty Acids Catalyzed by Enzymes 144

7.3 Enzymes and Methods for Biosurfactant Production: Bioreactors and Ways of Conducting Enzymatic Processes 145

7.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Enzymatic Biosurfactant Production 148

7.5 Potential Use of Enzymes for the Production of Biosurfactants 149

7.6 Production of Biosurfactants by the Enzymatic Route in Biorefineries: Demand for More Modern Production Processes 150

7.7 Conclusion 153

References 153

8 Co-production of Biosurfactants and Other Bioproducts in Biorefineries 157
Martha Inés Vélez-Mercado, Carlos Antonio Espinosa-Lavenant, Juan Gerardo Flores-Iga, Fernando Hernández Teran, María de Lourdes Froto Madariaga, and Nagamani Balagurusamy

8.1 Introduction 157

8.2 Microbial Surfactant Production 158

8.3 Co-production of Biosurfactants in a Biorefinery 160

8.3.1 Co-production of Biosurfactants and Polyhydroxyalkanoates 161

8.3.2 Co-production of Biosurfactants and Enzymes 162

8.3.3 Co-production of Biosurfactants and Lipids 164

8.3.4 Co-production of Biosurfactants and Ethanol 165

8.4 Conclusions 166

References 166

9 Biosurfactants in Nanotechnology: Recent Advances and Applications 173
Avinash P. Ingle, Shreshtha Saxena, Mangesh Moharil, Mahendra Rai, and Silvio S. Da Silva

9.1 Introduction 173

9.2 Biosurfactants and their Types 174

9.2.1 Glycolipid Biosurfactants 174

9.2.2 Rhamnolipids 174

9.2.3 Trehalolipids 175

9.2.4 Sophorolipids 175

9.2.5 Mannosylerythritol Lipids 175

9.2.6 Lipopeptide Biosurfactants 175

9.2.7 Phospholipid Biosurfactants 176

9.2.8 Polymeric Biosurfactants 176

9.3 Properties of Biosurfactants 178

9.3.1 Surface and Interface Activity 178

9.3.2 Efficiency 179

9.3.3 Foaming Capacity 179

9.3.4 Emulsification/Emulsion Forming and Emulsion Breaking 179

9.3.5 Tolerance for Temperature and pH Tolerance 180

9.3.6 Low Toxicity 180

9.3.7 Biodegradability 180

9.4 Conventional Methods for Biosurfactant Production 180

9.5 Commercial Applications of Biosurfactants 182

9.5.1 Application of Biosurfactants in Agriculture 182

9.5.2 Application of Biosurfactants in Nanotechnology 183

9.5.3 Applications of Biosurfactants in Commercial Laundry Detergents 184

9.5.4 Application of Biosurfactants in Medicine 184

9.5.5 Application of Biosurfactants in the Food Processing Industry 185

9.5.6 Application of Biosurfactants in the Cosmetic Industry 185

9.5.7 Application of Biosurfactants in Petroleum 185

9.5.8 Application of Biosurfactant in Microbial-enhanced Oil Recovery 186

9.6 Biosurfactants in Nanotechnology (Biosurfactant Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles) 186

9.6.1 Glycolipids Biosurfactants Produced Nanoparticles 186

9.6.2 Lipopeptides Biosurfactants Produced Nanoparticles 187

9.7 Conclusions 188

References 188

10 Interaction of Glycolipid Biosurfactants with Model Membranes and Proteins 195
Francisco J. Aranda, Antonio Ortiz, and José A. Teruel

10.1 Introduction 195

10.2 Interaction of Glycolipid Biosurfactants with Model Membranes 196

10.2.1 Rhamnolipids 197

10.2.2 Trehalose Lipids 206

10.2.3 Other Glycolipids 209

10.3 Interaction of Glycolipid Biosurfactants with Proteins 211

10.3.1 Rhamnolipids 211

10.3.2 Trehalose Lipids 211

10.3.3 Mannosylerythritol Lipids 212

10.4 Conclusions 212

References 213

11 Biosurfactants: Properties and Current Therapeutic Applications 221
Cristiani Baldo, Maria Ines Rezende, and Fabiana Guillen Moreira Gasparin

11.1 Production of Microbial Biosurfactants 221

11.2 Anti-tumoral Activity of Biosurfactants 223

11.3 Anti-inflammatory Activity of Biosurfactants 226

11.4 Anti-microbial Activity of Biosurfactant 228

11.4.1 Biosurfactants as Anti-bacterial Agents 229

11.4.2 Biosurfactants as Anti-viral Agents 231

11.4.3 Biosurfactants as Anti-fungal Agents 232

11.5 Other Therapeutic Applications of Biosurfactants 233

11.6 Concluding Remarks 234

References 234

12 Fungal Biosurfactants: Applications in Agriculture and Environmental Bioremediation Processes 243
Láuren Machado Drumond de Souza, Débora Luiza Costa Barreto, Lívia da Costa Coelho, Elisa Amorim Amâncio Teixeira, Vívian Nicolau Gonçalves, Júlia de Paula Muzetti Ribeiro, Natana Gontijo Rabelo, Stephanie Evelinde Oliveira Alves, Mayanne Karla da Silva, Laura Beatriz Miranda Martins, Charles Lowell Cantrell, Stephen Oscar Duke, and Luiz Henrique Rosa

12.1 Biosurfactants as Agrochemicals 243

12.1.1 Biosurfactants as Herbicide Adjuvants 244

12.1.2 Biosurfactants and Antifungal Activity 245

12.1.3 Biosurfactants as Insecticidal Adjuvants 246

12.2 Insecticidal Biosurfactants for Use against Disease Vector Insects 246

12.3 Fungal Biosurfactants in Bioremediation Processes 248

References 249

13 New Formulations Based on Biosurfactants and Their Potential Applications 255
Maria Jose Castro-Alonso, Fernanda G. Barbosa, Thiago A. Vieira, Diana A. Sanchez, Monica C. Santos, Thércia R. Balbino, Salvador S. Muñoz, and Talita M. Lacerda

13.1 Introduction 255

13.2 General Chemical and Biochemical Aspects 258

13.3 Downstream Processing 259

13.4 Biosurfactants in Cosmetics and Personal Care 259

13.5 Biosurfactants in Medicine and Pharmaceutics 261

13.6 Biosurfactants in Food and Feed 262

13.7 Biosurfactants in Pesticides, Insecticides, and Herbicide Formulations 264

13.8 Biosurfactants in Civil Engineering 265

13.9 Miscellaneous 266

13.9.1 Detergent Formulations 266

13.9.2 Bioremediation Purposes 267

13.9.3 Nanoparticle Synthesis 267

13.9.4 Polymer Synthesis 268

13.10 Overview of the Biosurfactant Market 268

13.11 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 270

References 270

14 Techno-economic-environmental Analysis of the Production of Biosurfactants in the Context of Biorefineries 281
Andreza Aparecida Longati, Andrew Milli Elias, Felipe Fernando, Furlan Everson Alves Miranda, and Roberto de Campos Giordano

14.1 Introduction 281

14.1.1 Background 281

14.1.2 Surfactant Versus Biosurfactant 282

14.1.3 Biosurfactant Market, Producers, and Patents 282

14.1.4 Biosurfactant Production Routes 283

14.2 Economic Aspects of the BS Production 286

14.3 Environmental Aspects 288

14.4 Biosurfactant Production Synergies in the Brazilian Biorefineries Context 290

14.5 Conclusion 293

References 294

Index 301

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