Colour Imaging Vision and Technology

, by MacDonald, Lindsay; Luo, M. Ronnier

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ISBN: 9780471985310 | 0471985317
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 10/25/1999

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Colour Imaging Vision and Technology Edited by Lindsay W. MacDonald and M. Ronnier Luo University of Derby, UK With every new computer now equipped with CD-ROM and high quality colour display and sound capabilities, multimedia imaging has become part of mainstream computing. Pressure is on developers to produce applications that make use of these facilities. This book examines the key enabling technologies for such applications including digital colour imaging, spanning the capture, processing, encoding, transmission and reproduction of realistic colour images. * Extensive coverage of the multimedia materials and Web pages * Improving quality of presentation * Covers a wide range of areas including colour imaging and multimedia user interface * Colour illustrations Colour Imaging will appeal to a wide-ranging audience and is primarily aimed at colour engineers, colour researchers and developers. It is also a valuable reference guide for undergraduates, MSc level students in colour imaging, new media developers and manufacturers of imaging equipment. Visit Our Web Page! http://www.wiley.com/

Colour plates

(2)

Contributors

xvii

(4)

Foreword

xxi

(8)

John D. Meyer

Preface

xxix

Lindsay W. MacDonald

M. Ronnier Luo

PART 1 Colour vision

(96)

1 Why is black and white so important in colour?

(14)

Robert W. G. Hunt

1.1 Introduction

(1)

1.2 Reproduction of blacks, greys and whites

(1)

1.3 How surrounds affect contrast

(2)

1.4 Luminance-chrominance systems

(6)

1.4.1 The field-sequential system

(1)

1.4.2 The luminance-chrominance concept

(1)

1.4.3 Reduction of chrominance bandwidth

(1)

1.4.4 Gamma correction for broadcast television

(2)

1.4.5 Luminance-chrominance in other forms of imaging

(2)

1.5 Conclusion

(1)

References

(2)

Further reading

(2)

2 Investigations into multiscale retinex (MSR)

(22)

Kobus Barnard

Brian Funt

2.1 Introduction

(2)

2.2 Possible goals

(1)

2.3 Overview of MSR methods

(4)

2.4 Colour fidelity

(3)

2.5 Chromaticity-preserving MSR

(6)

2.5.1 Linearization of input

(2)

2.5.2 Colour constancy processing

(2)

2.5.3 Dynamic range adjustment

(1)

2.5.4 Gain-offset adjustment

(1)

2.6 Results

(2)

2.7 Conclusion

(1)

Acknowledgements

(1)

References

(3)

3 Colour prediction using the Von Kries transform

(16)

Werner Praefcke

Friedhelm Konig

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.1.1 Colour from surface reflectance

(1)

3.1.2 Prediction of colour under a different illuminant

(1)

3.2 Von Kries prediction of physical colour

(2)

3.2.1 White adaptation: XYZ space

(1)

3.2.2 White adaptation: other spaces

(1)

3.3 Related work

(5)

3.3.1 Estimation of underlying spectrum

(1)

3.3.2 General linear transform for colour prediction

(1)

3.3.3 Generalized diagonal transform

(1)

3.3.4 White point preserving transform

(1)

3.3.5 Optimal colour space for Von Kries prediction

(2)

3.4 Results

(6)

3.4.1 Daylight illuminants

(3)

3.4.2 Daylight and artificial illuminants

(3)

3.5 Conclusion

(1)

Acknowledgement

(1)

References

(1)

4 Web design for the colour-blind user

(18)

Hans Brettel

Francoise Vienot

4.1 Introduction

(1)

4.2 Colour vision and colour blindness

(1)

4.2.1 Trichromats, dichromats and anomalous trichromats

(1)

4.2.2 Genetics of colour blindness

(1)

4.3 XYZ and LMS colorimetry

(4)

4.4 LMS representation of CRT colours

(2)

4.5 Simulation of dichromatic colour blindness

(5)

4.6 Discussion

(1)

4.7 Conclusion

(1)

References

(4)

5 Illuminant estimation and colour correction

(26)

Paul M. Hubel

Jack Holm

Graham Finlayson

5.1 Introduction

(3)

5.2 The colour of white

(2)

5.3 Colour by correlation

(6)

5.3.1 Building a correlation matrix

(1)

5.3.2 Estimating the white point

(1)

5.3.3 Simulation results

(4)

5.3.4 Experimental results

(1)

5.4 Colour spaces

(10)

5.4.1 Hypotheses about HVS processing

(2)

5.4.2 Analyses of existing imaging systems

(2)

5.4.3 Subjective determination of optimal linear transforms

(4)

5.4.4 A comparison of colour spaces used for CATs

(1)

5.5 Conclusions

(1)

References

(5)

PART 2 Colour imaging technology

(92)

6 Challenges for colour science in multimedia imaging

(30)

Roy S. Berns

6.1 Introduction

(1)

6.2 Colour matching

100

(4)

6.3 Spectral matching

104

(2)

6.4 Image capture requirements

106

(4)

6.5 Image modelling requirements

110

(3)

6.6 Muti-ink requirements

113

(5)

6.7 Colour management

118

(1)

6.8 Defining quality

119

(5)

6.9 Conclusion

124

(1)

Acknowledgements

124

(1)

References

124

(5)

7 A multispectral scanner

129

(16)

Friedhelm Konig

Werner Praefcke

7.1 Introduction

129

(1)

7.2 Multispectral scanning

130

(9)

7.2.1 Approximation algorithms

131

(4)

7.2.2 Simulation

135

(2)

7.2.3 Discussion

137

(2)

7.3 Multispectral encoding

139

(3)

7.3.1 Principle of encoding

139

(1)

7.3.2 Practical encoding

140

(1)

7.3.3 Data quantization

141

(1)

7.3.4 Additional considerations

142

(1)

7.4 Conclusion

142

(1)

Acknowledgement

143

(1)

References

143

(2)

8 Multispectral image acquisition and simulation of illuminant changes

145

(20)

Jon Yngve Hardeberg

Francis Schmitt

Hans Brettel

Jean-Pierre Crettez

Henri Maitre

8.1 Introduction

145

(1)

8.2 Multispectral image acquisition

146

(9)

8.2.1 Spectral characterization of the acquisition system

147

(2)

8.2.2 Spectral reflectance estimation from camera responses

149

(3)

8.2.3 Choosing the filters

152

(1)

8.2.4 Evaluating the acquisition system

153

(2)

8.3 Multimedia application: illuminant simulation

155

(5)

8.3.1 Illuminant simulation using CIELAB space

156

(1)

8.3.2 Illuminant simulation using multispectral images

157

(1)

8.3.3 Evaluation of the two simulation methods

157

(3)

8.4 Conclusion

160

(1)

References

161

(4)

9 Color coordinate conversion via neural networks

165

(14)

Shoji Tominaga

9.1 Introduction

165

(1)

9.2 Neural network

166

(3)

9.2.1 Network structure

166

(1)

9.2.2 Learning procedure

167

(2)

9.3 Conversion between color specification systems

169

(4)

9.3.1 Table data

169

(1)

9.3.2 Munsell to L*a*b* conversion

169

(1)

9.3.3 L*a*b* to Munsell conversion

170

(1)

9.3.4 Experiments

171

(2)

9.4 Neural network method for color printing

173

(4)

9.4.1 Basic principle of color control

173

(1)

9.4.2 Practical algorithms

174

(2)

9.4.3 Experimental results

176

(1)

9.4.4 Application to a six-color printer

176

(1)

9.5 Conclusion

177

(1)

References

178

(1)

10 A new method for characterizing colour printing devices

179

(12)

Jean Pierre Van de Capelle

Baldewin Meireson

10.1 Introduction

179

(2)

10.2 Methodology

181

(3)

10.3 Experimental results

184

(3)

10.3.1 The first set of experiments

184

(1)

10.3.2 The second set of experiments

185

(2)

10.4 ICC colour management

187

(1)

10.5 Conclusion

188

(1)

References

188

(3)

PART 3 Multimedia colour reproduction

191

(94)

11 Colour image engineering for multimedia systems

191

(24)

Lindsay W. MacDonald

11.1 The rise of digital imaging

191

(5)

11.1.1 Imaging in society

191

(1)

11.1.2 Digital imaging

192

(1)

11.1.3 Developments over two decades

193

(1)

11.1.4 Publishing systems

193

(2)

11.1.5 Digital imaging technology

195

(1)

11.2 Images and media

196

(3)

11.3 Digital imaging and multimedia

199

(6)

11.3.1 What is multimedia?

199

(2)

11.3.2 Multimedia publishing

201

(1)

11.3.3 Video and special effects

202

(1)

11.3.4 Virtual reality and 3D images

203

(2)

11.4 Digital convergence

205

(4)

11.4.1 The common denominator

205

(1)

11.4.2 Digital technology

206

(1)

11.4.3 Communications

206

(1)

11.4.4 Internet and World Wide Web

207

(1)

11.4.5 European policy

208

(1)

11.4.6 Mobile lifestyles

209

(1)

11.5 Colour image engineering

209

(4)

11.5.1 What is colour image engineering?

209

(1)

11.5.2 Consumer and professional imaging products

210

(1)

11.5.3 The International Color Consortium

210

(1)

11.5.4 The colour imaging community

211

(1)

11.5.5 Challenges for developing the discipline

211

(2)

11.6 Conclusion

213

(1)

References

213

(2)

12 Maintaining colour accuracy in images transferred across the Internet

215

(18)

David Saunders

John Cupitt

Ruven Pillay

Kirk Martinez

12.1 Introduction

215

(1)

12.2 The VISEUM project

216

(3)

12.3 Colour in VISEUM

219

(2)

12.4 Colour errors

221

(8)

12.4.1 Errors introduced by quantization

221

(1)

12.4.2 Errors introduced by gamut clipping

221

(2)

12.4.3 Errors introduced by data compression

223

(3)

12.4.4 Errors introduced by monitor calibration

226

(1)

12.4.5 Overall colour error

227

(2)

12.5 Conclusion

229

(1)

Acknowledgements

229

(1)

References

230

(1)

Appendix: Artists' pigments used in the second test chart

230

(3)

13 Specifying and visualizing colour gamut boundaries

233

(20)

Patrick G. Herzog

13.1 Introduction

233

(1)

13.2 Visualization of colour gamuts

234

(2)

13.2.1 Three-dimensional techniques

234

(1)

13.2.2 Two-dimensional techniques

235

(1)

13.3 Specifying gamut boundaries

236

(5)

13.3.1 Gamulyt: a different approach to specification

237

(1)

13.3.2 Principles of Gamulyt

237

(2)

13.3.3 Mathematics of Gamulyt

239

(1)

13.3.4 White point, black point and accuracy requirements

240

(1)

13.3.5 Results

241

(1)

13.4 Printers with four or more colorants

241

(6)

13.4.1 Four-colour printers

241

(1)

13.4.2 Developing a four-colour kernel

242

(3)

13.4.3 More than four colourants

245

(2)

13.5 Conclusion

247

(1)

References

248

(1)

Appendix: Distortion and scaling functions

248

(3)

Acknowledgement

251

(2)

14 Developing algorithms for universal colour gamut mapping

253

(32)

Jan Morovic

M. Ronnier Luo

14.1 Introduction

253

(1)

14.2 Overview of gamut mapping

254

(8)

14.2.1 Definition of basic terms

254

(1)

14.2.2 Influence of colour space

255

(1)

14.2.3 Determining gamut boundaries

255

(4)

14.2.4 Gamut mapping algorithms

259

(2)

14.2.5 Choice of gamuts

261

(1)

14.2.6 Other factors

262

(1)

14.3 Developing gamut mapping algorithms

262

(4)

14.3.1 Scope

263

(1)

14.3.2 Experimental apparatus

263

(1)

14.3.3 Experimental method

264

(2)

14.3.4 Test images

266

(1)

14.4 First-generation GMAs

266

(4)

14.4.1 LLIN, LCLIP and LNLIN

267

(1)

14.4.2 SLIN, CUSP and LSLIN

268

(1)

14.4.3 Evaluation

268

(2)

14.5 Second-generation GMAs

270

(6)

14.5.1 GCUSP

270

(1)

14.5.2 CARISMA

271

(3)

14.5.3 TRIA

274

(1)

14.5.4 CLLIN

274

(1)

14.5.5 Evaluation

275

(1)

14.6 Third-generation GMAs

276

(4)

14.6.1 UniGMA

278

(1)

14.6.2 LCUSPH

278

(1)

14.6.3 Evaluation

279

(1)

14.7 Conclusion

280

(1)

References

280

(5)

PART 4 Quality assessment

285

(120)

15 Image quality evaluation

285

(30)

Joyce E. Farrell

15.1 Introduction

285

(1)

15.2 Engineering tools for image quality evaluation

286

(17)

15.2.1 Device simulation

286

(8)

15.2.2 Subjective evaluation

294

(3)

15.2.3 Distortion metrics

297

(6)

15.3 Case Study

303

(7)

15.3.1 Image quality trade-offs between Grayscale & DPI

303

(3)

15.3.2 Subjective evaluation

306

(2)

15.3.3 Image quality metrics

308

(2)

15.4 Summary

310

(1)

Acknowledgments

311

(1)

References

311

(4)

16 Determination of compressed image quality

315

(24)

Adrian M. Ford

16.1 Introduction

315

(1)

16.2 Compression

316

(1)

16.3 Image quality

317

(6)

16.3.1 Objective quality

318

(4)

16.3.2 Image quality metrics

322

(1)

16.4 Applying quality metrics to compression

323

(8)

16.4.1 Tone reproduction

324

(1)

16.4.2 Colour reproduction

325

(2)

16.4.3 Resolution

327

(1)

16.4.4 Sharpness

328

(2)

16.4.5 Noise

330

(1)

16.4.6 Other effects

331

(1)

16.5 Implementation

331

(1)

16.6 Attribute sampling and test charts

332

(1)

16.7 Discussions and recommendations

333

(2)

16.8 Experimental procedures

335

(1)

Acknowledgements

335

(1)

References

335

(4)

17 Objective quality estimation for digital images in multimedia environments

339

(24)

Norbert Gerfelder

Wolfgang Muller

17.1 Introduction

339

(1)

17.2 Media quality in multimedia applications

340

(2)

17.3 Image quality measurement

342

(10)

17.3.1 Basics and definitions

343

(3)

17.3.2 Classical measures

346

(3)

17.3.3 Modified measures

349

(1)

17.3.4 Validation

350

(2)

17.4 Application to colour images

352

(2)

17.5 General measurement environment

354

(5)

17.6 Conclusion

359

(1)

References

360

(3)

18 Towards perceptually optimal colour reproduction of natural scenes

363

(20)

Sergej N. Yendrikhovskij

Frans J. Blommaert

Huib de Ridder

18.1 Introduction

363

(1)

18.2 Colour appraisal: basic principles

364

(2)

18.3 A model of image quality

366

(2)

18.4 Colour appraisal: experimental research

368

(4)

18.4.1 Scaled saturation values

368

(3)

18.4.2 Polarized saturation values

371

(1)

18.5 Colour appraisal: instrumental measure

372

(7)

18.5.1 Naturalness index

372

(5)

18.5.2 Colourfulness index

377

(1)

18.5.3 Colour quality index

378

(1)

18.6 Colour quality optimization

379

(2)

18.6.1 An algorithm for natural images

379

(1)

18.6.2 Experimental confirmation

380

(1)

18.7 Conclusion

381

(1)

References

382

(1)

19 Colour science: past, present and future

383

(22)

M. Ronnier Luo

19.1 Introduction

383

(1)

19.2 Colorimetry

384

(8)

19.2.1 Colour specification

384

(1)

19.2.2 Colour difference

384

(4)

19.2.3 Colour appearance

388

(1)

19.2.4 Colour measuring instruments

389

(3)

19.3 Future expectations

392

(4)

19.3.1 A universal system based on CIECAM97s

392

(1)

19.3.2 Standards for accurate cross-media reproduction

393

(2)

19.3.3 Colour measuring instruments

395

(1)

19.4 Conclusion

396

(1)

References

396

(2)

Appendix: CIECAM97s colour appearance model

398

(7)

Index

405

(1)

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Colour Imaging Vision and Technology

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials