Glutathione and Sulfur Amino Acids in Human Health and Disease

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ISBN: 9780470170854 | 0470170859
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 6/29/2009

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This book gives researchers and their associates a comprehensive review of the biochemistry, absorption, metabolism, biological activities, disease prevention, and health promotion of glutathione and sulfur amino acids. Discussion deals with the complex relationship between GSH and sulfur amino acids and their physiological role, as well as they and their metabolitesrs" possible role in chronic-degenerative diseases. Special attention is paid to the molecular mechanisms for the modulation of transcription factors and enzyme activities. Finally, the book covers the nutritional and therapeutic significance of dietary sulfur amino acids, as shown in human and animal models.

Introduction
Glutathione and sulfur-containing amino acids- An Overview
Introduction
Why sulfur-containing amino acids?
S-adenosylmethionine, nature's wonder cofactor
Glutathione
Taurine- the second essential sulfur-containing amino acid?
Conclusions
References
Chemistry And Metabolism Of Gsh And Sulfur Amino Acids
Sulfur amino acid content of dietary proteins, daily intake and requirements
Introduction
Sulfur amino acid (SAA) content of dietary proteins
Sulfur amino acid intake
Nutritional requirement for total SAA
Conclusions
References
Cellular comPartmentalization of Glutathione
Introduction
Glutathione content in cells
References
Intestinal Metabolism of sulfur amino acids, Nancy Benight
Introduction
Isotopic approach to study metabolism
Evidence of gut sulfur amino acid metabolism
Other key players in intestinal sulfur amino acid metabolism
Cysteine function and oxidant stress in the gut
Pathophysiology of sulfur amino acid metabolism in the GIT
Conclusions
References
Hepatic metabolism of sulfur amino acids
Introduction
Dietary relation between methionine and cysteine
Metabolic relation between hepatic sulfur amino acids, B-vitamins, and methyl group metabolism
Regulation of sulfur amino acid metabolism and related metabolic pathways in the liver
Impact of physiologic and nutritional factors on sulfur amino acid metabolism
Conclusions
References
Antioxidant And Detoxification Activities
Glutathione and sulfur containing amino acids- antioxidant and conjugation activities
Introduction
Reactive Oxigen Species and Antioxidants
Glutathione redox cycle
Regulation of GSH and cysteine levels
Biotransformation
ROS mediated cellular signaling
Transcription regulation of antioxidant and conjugation enzymes
Oxidative stress and diseases
References
Glutaredoxin and thioredoxin enzyme systems: catalityc mechanisms and physiological functions
Introduction
General characteristics of glutaredoxins
General characteristic of thioredoxins
Glutaredoxin mechanism of action
Thioredoxin mechanism of action
Control of GRx expression
Control of TRx expression in mammalian systems
Cellular functions of GRx
Cellular functions of TRx
TRx-mediated inhibition of apoptosis
Reversible sulfhydryl oxidation and disease
Conclusions
References
Methionine sulfoxide reductases: a protective system against oxidative damage
Introduction
History of the Msr system
MsrA and MsrB Protein structure and mechanism of action
Msr reducing requirement
Other members of the Msr family
The Msr system: both a repair enzyme and a scavenger of ROS
Genetic studies on the role of the Msr system in protecting cells against oxidative damage
Evidence that oxidative damage is a major factor in aging: role of mitochondria and the Msr system
How can the Msr system be utilized for drug development
Methionine sulfoxide and disease
References
Bioactivity Of Gsh And Sulfur Amino Acids As Regulators Of Cellular Processes
Regulation of protein function by glutathionylation
Introduction
Glutathione and redox regulation in immunity
Protein cysteine oxidation
Mechanisms for PSSG formation and the complex scenario of protein
De-glutathionylation
Identification of proteins undergoing glutathionylation
Functional consequences of protein glutathionylation
Structural changes induced by protein glutathionylation
Conclusions
References
GSH, sulfur amino acids and apoptosis, Giuseppe Filomeni
Summary
Introduction
Synthesis and functions of GSH
Apoptosis: a programmed mode to die
Role of GSH and cysteine in apoptosis
Sulfur amino acids in apoptosis
Concluding remarks and recent progresses
References
Methionine oxidation: implication in protein regulation, aging and aging-associated diseases
Introduction
The methionine sulfoxide reductase system
Methionine sulfoxide reductase and selenium
Methionine sulfoxide reductase A knockout mouse as a model for neurodegenerative diseases
Regulation of protein expression/function by the methionine sulfoxide reductase system
Conclusions
References
Sulfur amino acids, glutathione and immune function
The biochemistry of sulfur amino acids
Sulfur amino acid and glutathione metabolism following infection and injury
Glutathione and the immune system
Mechanism of the effect of oxidants and antioxidants on inflammation and immune function
Strategies for modulating tissue glutathione content and influencing immune function
Taurine and immune function
Conclusions
References
Gsh And Sulfur Amino Acids In Pathological Processes
Sulfur amino acid deficiency and toxicity: research with animal models
Introduction
Sulfur amino acid deficiency
Sulfur amino acid toxicity
References
Human pathologies and aberrant sulfur metabolism
Introduction
Biosynthesis and metabolism of methionine and cysteine
Defects in the transulfuration pathway
Inherited defects in membrane transport
Pathologies associated with folic acid metabolizing enzymes
Heterogeneity of GSH metabolizing enzymes and associated human pathologies
References
Inborn errors of GSH metabolism
Introduction
Definitions
The ?-Glutamyl Cycle
Inborn Errors in the Metabolism of GSH
Animal Models
References
Homocysteine metabolism and pathological implications: the homocysteine thiolactone hypothesis of vascular disease
Introduction
An overview of Hcy metabolism
Toxicity of Hcy and its metabolites
Physical-chemical properties of Hcy-thiolactone
The mechanism of Hcy-thiolactone biosynthesis
Structural and functional consequences of protein modification by Hcy-thiolactone
The Hcy-thiolactone hypothesis of vascular disease
Pathophysiological consequences of protein N-homocysteinylation
Urinary elimination of Hcy-thiolactone
Enzymatic elimination of Hcy-thiolactone
Conclusions
References
Homocysteine and Cardiovascular disease
Introduction
Homocysteine metabolism
Homocysteine forms in vivo
Homocysteine measurement
Causes of hyperhomocysteinemia
Therapeutic options for lowering elevated homocysteine
Epidemiologic evidence linking homocysteine and atherothrombotic vascular disease
Homocysteine and Atherothrombosis: pathophysiologic mechanisms
Impact of Homocysteine-lowering therapy on atherothrombotic vascular disease
Recommendations
References
Homocysteine and neurological disorders
Introduction
What is an ‘abnormal' plasma homocysteine level in clinic al studies of neurological disease?
Elevated plasma homocysteine and risk of carotid atherosclerosis
Hyperhomocysteinemia and the risk of stroke
Elevated plasma homocysteine levels are associated with the risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease
Parkinson's disease
Epilepsy
Conclusions
References
Glutathione, sulfur amino acids and cancer
Introduction
Carcinogenesis, tumor growth, and cell death
Intercellular and interorgan transport of GSH in tumor-bearing mammals
GSH and the interaction of metastatic cells with the vascular endothelium
Adaptive response in invasive cells
GSH depletion and the sensitization of cancer cells to therapy
References
Gsh And Sulfur Amino Acids As Drugs And Nutraceuticals
GSH, GSH derivatives and antiviral activity
Introduction
Intracellular GSH status during viral infection
Mechanism of virus-induced GSH depletion
Role of constitutive GSH levels in controlling cell susceptibility to viral infection
Effect of intracellular GSH depletion on viral replication
Effect of exogenous GSH and GSH derivatives on viral replication
In vivo effects of systemic and topic GSH administration
References
N-acetyl cysteine and cytoprotective effects against bronchopulmonary damage: from in vitro studies to clinical application
Introduction
Oxidative stress in COPD
Pharmacology of N-acetylcysteine
Pulmonary antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects
Non -pulmonary effects
Clinical efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in COPD
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Other disorders
Conclusions
References
Taurine as drugs and functional food components
Introduction
The unique character of taurine: basis for distinguished behavior
Functional properties of taurine
Taurine deficiency
Taurine concentration in fetal development and neonate growth
Beneficial actions of taurine
Taurine and diabetes
Taurine and cardiovascular system
Taurine and endothelial dysfunction
Taurine and lung dysfunction
Taurine and kidney
Taurine as functional food and supplement
Conclusion
References
Subject index
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Glutathione and Sulfur Amino Acids in Human Health and Disease

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Table of Contents

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