Essentials of Soil Mechanics and Foundations Basic Geotechnics

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ISBN: 9780131145603 | 0131145606
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 8/23/2006

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This text offers a comprehensive presentation of topics in the field of soil mechanics and foundations. It offers a perfect balance of theory and applications for engineers and non-engineers, and it also provides architecture, construction, and environmental planning students with state-of-the-art information.

PART I Background and Basics

(195)

The Soil and Rock of Planet Earth: Geologic Overview

(37)

Rock: The Source of Soils

(4)

Soil Categories: Transported, Residual

(21)

Transported Soils

(14)

Residual Soils

(4)

Soil Gases and Liquids

(2)

Plate Tectonics

(8)

Effect on Design and Construction

(3)

Problems

(2)

Soil Types and Soil Structure

(21)

Major Soil Types

(2)

Particle Shapes and Sizes

(3)

Clay and Water

(4)

Soil Structure

(4)

Some Special Soil Categories

(8)

Collapsible Soils

(1)

Liquefaction

(1)

Expansive Clays

(2)

Dispersive Clays

(1)

Laterites

(1)

Problems

(2)

Soil Composition: Terminology and Definitions

(17)

Soil Composition: Analytical Representation

(3)

Weight--Volume, Mass--Volume Relationship

(2)

Basic Terms Relating to Soil Composition and Condition

(9)

Submerged Soil

(5)

Problems

(3)

Index Properties and Classification Tests, and Soil Classification Systems

(39)

Index Properties

(1)

Classification Tests

(16)

Particle Size Distribution (Mechanical Analysis)

(5)

In-Place Density, In-Place Unit Weight

(1)

Relative Density

(3)

Water Content

(1)

Consistency of Clays

(2)

Consistency in the Remolded State and Plasticity

(2)

Presence of Clay Minerals

(1)

Testing for Dispersive Clays

(2)

Other Properties

(1)

ASTM and AASHTO Test Procedure Designations

(1)

Classification Systems

(10)

Application to Transported Soil Deposits and Residual Soil Formations

107

(2)

Soil Taxonomy---Global Soil Orders

109

(8)

Problems

114

(3)

Site Investigations: Purpose and Methods, Information and Procedures Available

117

(79)

Maps and Aerial Photographs as Sources of Information

119

(3)

Borings and Test Pits

122

(14)

Borings Methods

123

(5)

Soil Sampling

128

(3)

Sample Spacing in Soil Borings

131

(1)

Borings Spacing and Depth

131

(2)

Rock Core Drilling

133

(2)

Test Pits

135

(1)

Soil Resistance Testing in Boreholes

136

(18)

Penetration Resistance and the Standard Penetration Test

136

(4)

SPT Modifications

140

(1)

Penetration Resistance and Cone Penetrometers

141

(13)

Presentation of Borings Information

154

(4)

Borings Logs, CPT Sounding Logs/Profiles

154

(1)

Recognizing Limitations of Borings and Penetrometer Data

154

(4)

In-Place Testing

158

(11)

In-Place Shear Tests---Vane Shear

159

(1)

Slope Inclination Indicator

159

(2)

Pore Pressure and Piezometers

161

(3)

Dilatometer and Pressuremeter Tests

164

(5)

Groundwater, Soil Water, and Soil Gas Sampling

169

(10)

Geophysical Methods

179

(17)

Seismic Refraction

179

(6)

Electrical Resistivity

185

(4)

Correlation between Resistivity and Earth Materials

189

(2)

Thickness of Layers

191

(1)

Ground-Penetrating Radar

191

(2)

Problems

193

(3)

PART II Engineering Properties and Behavior of Soil Deposits

196

(261)

Movement of Water through Soil: Basic Hydrogeology, Subsurface Flow, Permeability, Capillarity

197

(37)

Basic Hydrogeology

198

(4)

Subsurface Flow, Basic Facts

198

(4)

Permeability (Hydraulic Conductivity)

202

(19)

Factors Affecting Flow

202

(5)

Darcy's Law for Flow

207

(2)

Laminar and Turbulent Flow

209

(1)

Effect of Soil Type

209

(1)

Kozeny-Carman Equation for Permeability

210

(5)

Empirical Relationships

215

(2)

Permeability Tests

217

(1)

Laboratory Permeability Tests

218

(3)

Field Permeability Tests

221

(1)

Capillarity

221

(13)

Water in Capillary Tubes

222

(5)

Capillary Rise in Soil

227

(2)

Time Rate of Capillary Rise

229

(1)

Suspended Capillaries

229

(1)

Elimination of Capillary Water in Soil

229

(1)

Effects of Surface Tension

229

(1)

Problems

230

(4)

Movement of Water through Soil: Practical Effects: Seepage, Drainage, Frost Heave, Contamination

234

(62)

Flow Nets and Seepage

234

(15)

Flow of Subsurface Water

234

(1)

The Need for Flow Nets and Flow Net Theory

235

(5)

Boundaries for the Flow Net

240

(3)

Flow Nets for Nonisotropic Soils

243

(2)

Uplift Forces

245

(1)

Other Seepage Forces

245

(2)

Practical Considerations

247

(1)

Quicksand

247

(2)

Drainage

249

(24)

Conditions Requiring Drainage

250

(1)

Dewatering Shallow Excavations

250

(1)

Dewatering Intermediate Depths

250

(5)

Deep Drainage

255

(1)

Consolidation Drainage

255

(1)

Summary: Techniques for Subsurface Drainage

255

(1)

Drainage after Construction

255

(1)

Foundation Drains

256

(1)

Blanket Drains

257

(1)

Interceptor Drains

258

(1)

Flow Through a Structure

259

(1)

Filter Design (Aggregate Filters)

260

(1)

Drainage, Filtration, Separation, and Protection with Geosynthetics (Synthetic Fabrics)

261

(8)

Land Drainage

269

(1)

Effects of Drainage

269

(4)

Soil Percolation Rate

273

(1)

Frost Heave in Soils

273

(8)

Permafrost

279

(2)

Soil and Groundwater Contamination

281

(15)

Soil Gas

287

(4)

Use of Geosynthetics to Prevent Ground Contamination

291

(2)

Problems

293

(3)

Combined Stresses in Soil Masses: Stress at a Point and Mohr's Circle

296

(14)

Stress at a Point: Analytical Development

297

(3)

Mohr's Circle

300

(10)

Problems

307

(3)

Subsurface Stresses

310

(22)

Stresses Caused by the Soil Mass

310

(5)

Vertical Stresses

310

(1)

Effect of Groundwater Table

311

(1)

Horizontal (Lateral) Stresses

312

(3)

Stress within the Soil Mass Resulting from Vertical Surface Loading

315

(17)

Uniform Homogeneous Soils

315

(1)

Boussinesq Stress Distribution

315

(1)

Westergaard Stress Distribution

316

(1)

Computational Aids

317

(1)

Application for Foundation Loading

318

(3)

Sixty-Degree Approximation

321

(1)

Layered Soils Having Different Properties

322

(2)

Effect of Foundation Installation Below Finished Grade

324

(1)

Effect of Changing the Surface Grade

325

(2)

Problems

327

(5)

Settlement: Soil Compression, Volume Distortion, Consolidation

332

(52)

Basic Considerations

332

(4)

Settlement of Foundations on Sand

336

(9)

Schmertmann Method

336

(5)

Dilatometer Method

341

(2)

Approximations for Estimating Settlement of Foundations on Sand

343

(2)

Settlement of Foundations on Clay Soils

345

(19)

Volume Distortion Settlement for Clays

346

(2)

Primary Compression Settlement for Clays

348

(15)

Secondary Compression of Clay Soil

363

(1)

Settlement Resulting from Earth Fill

364

(1)

Consolidation

365

(6)

Surcharging

371

(13)

Acceleration of the Soil Improvement Process

373

(1)

Horizontal Drainage

374

(4)

Problems

378

(6)

Shear Strength Theory

384

(45)

Laboratory Tests

385

(8)

Direct Shear Test

385

(2)

Triaxial Compression Test

387

(3)

Plane Strain and Axisymmetrical Strain

390

(1)

Unconfined Compression Test

391

(1)

Vane-Shear Test

391

(2)

Shear Test Results Plotted on Mohr's Circle Coordinates

393

(3)

Strength or Failure Envelope

394

(2)

Shearing Strength

396

(23)

Shearing Strength of Cohesionless Soil

396

(6)

Approximating Values of Φ from Site Investigation Data (SPT, CPT, DMT)

402

(2)

Shearing Strength of Clay Soils

404

(6)

Shear Strength of Clay Related to Triaxial Testing

410

(6)

Approximating Shear Strength of Cohesive Soil from Site Investigation Data (SPT, CPT, DMT, VST)

416

(1)

Shear Strength of Mixed Soils

417

(1)

Position of Failure Plane Related to Angle Φ

418

(1)

Stress Paths

419

(10)

Stress Path for Tests in Consolidated--Drained Conditions

420

(2)

Stress Path for Tests in Consolidated--Undrained Conditions

422

(1)

Applications

423

(2)

Problems

425

(4)

Earthquakes and the Effects

429

(28)

Causes and Effects

429

(17)

Applications to Design

446

(11)

NEHRP Provisions (USA)

446

(9)

Problems

455

(2)

PART III Application of Soil Mechanics Theories

457

(346)

Foundations: Introductory Concepts

459

(29)

General Types of Foundations---Foundation Categories

460

(3)

Spread Footings

460

(1)

Mat (or Raft) Foundations

461

(1)

Pile and Pier Foundations

461

(1)

Caissons

462

(1)

Floating Foundations

463

(1)

Pile Foundation Types and Installation Procedures

463

(19)

Pile Drivers for Driven Piles

463

(6)

Pile Types and Materials

469

(11)

Representative Pile Load Capacities and Available Lengths

480

(1)

Methods to Aid Pile Installation

480

(2)

Other Installation Considerations

482

(1)

Relating Soil Conditions and Foundation Types

482

(6)

Problems

485

(3)

Foundations: Design Considerations and Methods

488

(107)

Shallow Foundations---Design and Installation Criteria

489

(1)

Basic Concepts---Long (Strip) Footings

489

(2)

Bearing Capacity Equations

491

(19)

Additional Considerations, Bearing Capacity Equation

497

(3)

Application for Design---The Extended Bearing Capacity Equation

500

(8)

Footings on Slopes

508

(2)

Footing Design Data from Penetration Resistance in Boreholes

510

(13)

Standard Penetration Test and Sand

511

(4)

Standard Penetration Test and Cohesive Soil

515

(1)

Cone Penetrometer Test (CPT) and Sana

516

(1)

Static Cone Penetrometer and Cohesive Soil

517

(2)

The Pressuremeter and Foundation Design

519

(4)

Effects of Seismic Events

523

(11)

Seismic Bearing Capacity of Spread Footing Foundations

523

(5)

Seismic-Induced Liquefaction

528

(6)

Presumptive Bearing Pressures

534

(1)

Foundation Walls

535

(3)

Deep Foundations---Capacity and Installation Criteria

538

(1)

Pile and Pier Foundations

538

(47)

Statical Analysis (Single Pile Capacity)

539

(1)

Effective Stress Method

540

(10)

Total Stress Method

550

(6)

Factor of Safety

556

(1)

Negative Shaft Capacity

556

(1)

Other Design Considerations

557

(1)

Uplift Capacity (Single Pile)

557

(1)

Statical Method---Bored Piers and Piles (Drilled Shaft Foundations)

558

(5)

Arrangement for Piles in a Group

563

(2)

Group Capacity

565

(2)

Pile Group Settlement

567

(2)

Pile Load Tests

569

(8)

Pile-Driving Formulas

577

(8)

Supervision of Foundation Construction

585

(10)

Problems

585

(10)

Site Improvement: Earth Moving, Compaction, and Stabilization

595

(62)

Field Procedures---General Considerations, Methods, and Techniques

596

(8)

Alternative Methods of Transporting Earth Fill

603

(1)

Field Equipment---Surface Zone Compaction

604

(9)

Surface Compaction Equipment

604

(9)

Deep-Ground Improvement Techniques

613

(17)

Vibrocompaction

613

(5)

Stone Columns: Vibroreplacement, Vibrodisplacement Processes

618

(3)

Controlled Modulus Columns (CMC)™

621

(1)

Deep Soil Mixing

621

(4)

Dynamic Deep Compaction/Consolidation

625

(2)

Dynamic Replacement™

627

(1)

Compacting by Explosives

627

(2)

Vacuum Consolidation

629

(1)

Soil Stabilization

630

(12)

Use of Natural and Chemical Additives

630

(7)

Use of Geosynthetics for Stabilization and Reinforcement

637

(5)

Methods for Establishing Required Soil Density

642

(6)

Field Control and Field Density Tests

648

(9)

Sand-Cone Method

650

(1)

Balloon Method

650

(1)

Nuclear Moisture-Density Method

651

(3)

Problems

654

(3)

Stability of Unsupported Slopes

657

(62)

Types of Slope Movements

658

(4)

Isotropic Soils and Uniform Slopes of Infinite Extent

662

(5)

Cohesionless Soil

662

(4)

Soils Possessing Cohesion

666

(1)

Slopes of Finite Extent---Soils Possessing Cohesion

667

(22)

Types of Rotational Slides in Isotropic Soils

667

(1)

Stability Analysis---General Concepts

668

(2)

Strength Properties for Analysis---Clay and Mixed Soils

670

(2)

Basic Methods for Stability Analysis

672

(1)

Methods of Slices

673

(10)

Noncircular Slip Surfaces

683

(4)

Effect of Tension Cracks

687

(1)

Sliding Block Analysis

687

(2)

Computational Aids---Slope Stability Charts

689

(22)

Taylor Charts

689

(5)

Bishop-Morganstern, Barnes Charts

694

(7)

Barnes Charts/Tables for Excavated Slopes

701

(5)

Spencer Charts

706

(3)

Morganstern Charts for Rapid Drawdown

709

(2)

Variation in Shear Stress and Factor of Safety

711

(1)

Improving Stability of Slopes

712

(7)

Problems

715

(4)

Lateral Pressures and Retaining Structures

719

(84)

Lateral Earth Pressure and Retaining Walls

721

(8)

At-Rest Pressure

721

(2)

Effect of Submergence

723

(2)

Active and Passive Lateral Pressures---Basic Considerations

725

(4)

Earth Pressures against Retaining Walls

729

(4)

Classical Theories

729

(4)

Lateral Pressures Related to Wall Movement

733

(9)

Practical Considerations

733

(2)

Cohesionless Soil Backfill

735

(1)

Goh Analysis

736

(1)

Cohesive Soil Backfill

736

(3)

Recommended Design Criteria for Gravity Walls

739

(1)

Effects of Groundwater and Freezing

739

(3)

Retaining Wall Design Requirements

742

(16)

Common Types of Walls, Construction Considerations

742

(2)

Basic Design Considerations

744

(8)

Surface Loads near Wall

752

(1)

Terzaghi-Peck Charts for Backfill Pressures

753

(1)

Earthquake Forces and Gravity Retaining Walls

754

(4)

Alternate Types of Retaining Structures

758

(10)

Gabion Retaining Walls

758

(2)

Reinforced Earth

760

(1)

Soil Nail Wall and Ground Anchor Wall Systems

761

(3)

Launched Soil Nails

764

(4)

Excavation Bracing

768

(9)

Types and Installation of Excavation Bracing

768

(5)

Lateral Pressures for Designing Bracing

773

(4)

Anchored Bulkheads

777

(4)

Water-Retaining Structures: Dams

781

(22)

Earth Fill Dams

784

(4)

Rockfill Dams

788

(1)

Concrete and Masonry Dams

789

(9)

Problems

798

(5)

Appendix A Application of LaPlace Equation to Flow Nets

803

(3)

Appendix B Laboratory Procedure to Determine Coefficient of Consolidation

806

(4)

Appendix C Mathematical Development of the Bishop Equation for Slope Stability

810

(3)

Bibliography

813

(17)

Answers to Selected Problems

830

(7)

Index

837

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Essentials of Soil Mechanics and Foundations Basic Geotechnics

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials