Global Navigation for Pilots International Flight Techniques and Procedures

, by De Remer, Ph.D, Dale; McLean , Donald W.

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ISBN: 9781560273127 | 1560273127
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 12/1/1997

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With every aspect of pilot navigation -- from a discussion of International Civil Aviation Organisation history and regulations to planning, flight operations, and navigation equipment -- this book is written with the precision required for classroom instruction while retaining the readability needed for a general audience. Explained are aeronautical charts and maps, navigation techniques for plotting and distance measuring, and complex technologies.

About the Authors	p. xvii
Acknowledgments	p. xviii
Foreword	p. xix
Introduction and International Regulations	p. 1
Introduction to Global Navigation	p. 1
Earlier Days of Navigation	p. 1
The Science and Art of Navigation	p. 2
The Arrangement and Use of This Book	p. 2
Sources of Navigational Information	p. 3
A Historical Background of International Air Law	p. 4
The Question of Sovereignty in Airspace	p. 4
The Paris Convention 1919	p. 4
The Havana Convention 1928	p. 5
Worldwide International Law	p. 5
The Warsaw Convention 1929	p. 5
The Chicago Conference 1944	p. 6
The History of ICAO	p. 7
The Bermuda Agreement 1946	p. 7
ICAO--The Organization Described	p. 8
The Assembly	p. 8
The Council	p. 8
The Secretariat	p. 8
ICAO Rules	p. 8
Signals	p. 9
The Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air	p. 9
Definitions	p. 9
Transporting Dangerous Goods	p. 9
ICAO Identifying Codes	p. 10
Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks	p. 10
International Airport Identifiers	p. 10
Earth Reference Systems	p. 15
Location	p. 15
LOP and Fix	p. 15
FRD	p. 15
Direction	p. 16
Terms of Direction	p. 16
Great Circle and Rhumb Line Direction	p. 17
Distance	p. 17
Latitude and Longitude	p. 18
Size and Shape of the Earth	p. 18
Great and Small Circles	p. 19
Latitude and Longitude as a Reference System	p. 20
A Change in the Geodetic Referencing System	p. 21
Summary	p. 22
Study Questions	p. 23
Maps and Charts	p. 25
Charts vs. Maps	p. 25
Charts and Projections	p. 25
Choice of Projection	p. 25
Classification of Projections	p. 27
Azimuthal Projections	p. 27
Cylindrical Projections	p. 30
Conic Projections	p. 34
Aeronautical Charts	p. 37
Scale	p. 37
DOD Aeronautical Charts and Flight Information Publications	p. 41
Jeppesen Sanderson	p. 43
Governments	p. 44
Study Questions	p. 44
Basic Navigation Instruments	p. 45
Introduction	p. 45
Direction	p. 45
Basic Instruments	p. 45
Earth's Magnetic Field	p. 45
Compasses	p. 46
Magnetic Compass	p. 46
Direct Indicating Magnetic Compass	p. 47
Compass Compensation	p. 48
Vertical Card Compasses	p. 50
Magnetic Compass Errors	p. 50
The Remote Indicating Magnetic Compass	p. 52
Gyroscopes as Directional Indicators	p. 52
Gyrocompass Errors	p. 55
Using the Gyrocompass in the North	p. 57
Track	p. 58
Driftmeter	p. 58
Study Questions	p. 60
Basic Navigation Techniques	p. 61
Introduction	p. 61
Dead Reckoning Navigation	p. 61
The Running Fix	p. 64
The Single LOP Approach	p. 65
Precision Dead Reckoning	p. 66
Doppler	p. 67
Explanation of Terms	p. 68
Plotting	p. 68
Plotting Procedure, Mercator Chart	p. 69
Plotting Procedures, Lambert Conformal and Gnomonic Charts	p. 69
International Trip Planning and Preparation	p. 75
The Checklist	p. 75
Planning Resources	p. 75
DOD Aeronautical Charts and Flight Information Publications	p. 78
Aeronautical Chart Currency and Updating Information	p. 78
Jeppesen Sanderson	p. 79
Planning Services	p. 86
International Planning Service Providers	p. 86
Computer Access Services	p. 86
Additional Resources	p. 86
Preliminary Planning	p. 86
International Flight Planning--the Concept	p. 86
What to Expect Upon Arrival	p. 91
The International Flight Plan	p. 91
General Instructions	p. 93
Itemized Instructions for Flight Plan Completion	p. 93
Completing the Flight Planning Process	p. 98
International Flight Planning Services (IFPS)	p. 98
Readings about International Culture and Customs	p. 99
Trans-Oceanic and Trans-Wilderness Planning	p. 123
Flight Planning for the North Atlantic	p. 123
NAIGON Excerpts	p. 123
Equipment Requirements	p. 124
Operational Considerations in Sparsely Settled Areas	p. 130
North Atlantic Route Planning	p. 130
ETOPS	p. 136
North Atlantic MNPS Airspace	p. 136
Application of Mach Number Technique	p. 145
Application of Datum Line Technique	p. 146
Aircraft Minimum Navigational Capability	p. 146
Flight Planning for the North Pacific	p. 147
North Pacific Oceanic Route Structure	p. 147
Tokyo-Honolulu Flexible Track System	p. 149
Mach Number Procedures	p. 150
Oceanic Position Reporting Procedures	p. 150
Automated Mutual Assistance Vessel Rescue System	p. 151
Finishing the Planning Job	p. 152
ETP and the Wet Footprint	p. 152
International Flight Operations	p. 155
Operational Considerations for International Flight	p. 155
Cabotage	p. 155
Other Entry Requirements	p. 155
The Nine "Fs" of International Flight	p. 155
North Atlantic Operational Considerations	p. 158
Clearances	p. 158
Obtaining a Clearance	p. 158
ATC System Loop Errors	p. 160
Position Reporting Procedures	p. 161
Time and Place of Position Reports	p. 161
Position Report Prefix	p. 161
Contents of Position Reports	p. 161
Next Position and Time Over	p. 162
Next Subsequent Position	p. 162
Transmission of Position Reports	p. 162
Meteorological Reports	p. 162
In-Flight Contingencies	p. 162
International Air Traffic Control Phraseology	p. 163
MNPSA Operational Considerations	p. 164
ATC Flight Plans	p. 164
Special Procedures for In-Flight Contingencies	p. 165
Procedures for Loss of Navigational Capability	p. 165
Managing Errors	p. 167
Conducting the Flight in the MNPSA	p. 167
Leaving the Ramp	p. 167
While on Airways	p. 167
ATC Oceanic Clearance	p. 167
Approaching the Ocean	p. 168
Oceanic Boundary Position Report	p. 168
Reaching an Oceanic Waypoint	p. 168
Routine Monitoring	p. 168
Approaching Landfall	p. 169
Monitoring During Distractions from Routine	p. 169
Avoiding Confusion Between Magnetic and True	p. 169
Navigation in the Area of Compass Unreliability	p. 169
North Atlantic Procedures--An Example Flight	p. 170
Route Planning	p. 170
Track Planning	p. 170
PRMS--Preferred Route Message	p. 172
Preflight	p. 172
ETOPS Planning	p. 172
Takeoff and Enroute Alternates	p. 172
Loading the Nav Systems	p. 173
From Launch to Coast-Out Point	p. 173
In MNPS Airspace	p. 174
In-Flight Emergencies	p. 174
Nearing the Coast-In Point	p. 175
Arrival	p. 175
Flying in Europe	p. 177
European Air Traffic Flow Management	p. 177
Organization and Procedures	p. 177
Flight Plan Filing Requirements	p. 177
The Slot Allocation Process	p. 178
The Flexible Use of Airspace Concept Within Europe--Conditional Routes	p. 179
New Trends and Developments	p. 180
A Few Words About Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA)	p. 180
Hints for Flying in Europe	p. 181
Flying Within the European Control System	p. 182
Example Flight	p. 182
International Weather	p. 185
Aviation Weather Information	p. 185
Meteorological Code	p. 185
International Surface Reports (METAR)	p. 186
General	p. 186
Reporting Type, Time and Reporting Station	p. 186
Wind	p. 186
Visibility	p. 186
Runway Visual Range	p. 186
Present Weather	p. 187
Clouds	p. 187
Temperature and Dew Point	p. 187
Altimeter Setting	p. 187
Trend Forecast	p. 188
Remarks	p. 188
Airborne Reports	p. 188
Forecasts (TAFs)	p. 189
Terminal Forecasts	p. 189
Volmets	p. 190
ICAO Annex 3--Meteorological Services for International Air Navigation	p. 190
Definitions	p. 190
World Area Forecast System and Meteorological Offices	p. 190
Inertial Navigation	p. 197
An Introduction to Inertial Navigation	p. 197
Principles of Strapdown Inertial Navigation	p. 203
Introduction	p. 203
Modes of Operation	p. 206
Theory of Operation	p. 211
Accelerometer Principle of Operation	p. 211
Triple-Axis Navigation Computation	p. 211
Laser Principle of Operation	p. 213
The Pilot's Perspective About INS Errors	p. 215
Loran-C	p. 217
The Loran-C System	p. 217
Introduction	p. 217
Modern Loran-C Aviation Receivers	p. 217
Theory of Operation	p. 217
The Loran-C Chain	p. 219
Chain Geometry	p. 219
Chain Coverage Area	p. 221
The Pulse	p. 221
Received Signal Characteristics	p. 222
LORAN-C Operations	p. 224
Notes for Pilots	p. 224
Historical Notes and the Future of Loran-C	p. 225
Global Positioning System	p. 227
GPS System Overview	p. 227
General System Description	p. 227
Program Management	p. 227
System Technical Description	p. 228
System Performance	p. 230
Navigation Using GPS	p. 232
Types of GPS Receivers and Their Applications	p. 237
GPS Receiver Architectures	p. 237
Time-To-First-Fix	p. 240
GPS Specification and Design Issues	p. 242
System Availability	p. 242
Positioning Availability	p. 242
Satellite Selection Criteria	p. 251
Figure of Merit	p. 252
Aiding Capabilities for a GPS Receiver	p. 253
Types of Aiding	p. 253
Aiding During Acquisition of Initial Track	p. 253
Aiding to Replace a Satellite Measurement	p. 254
Aiding to Maintain Satellite Track	p. 255
Differential GPS	p. 255
Introduction	p. 255
Differential GPS Concept	p. 255
DGPS Implementation Types	p. 255
GPS Error Sources	p. 257
GPS as an Attitude Reference System	p. 258
Concept of Operation	p. 258
Single and Double Differencing	p. 258
Interferometry	p. 259
WAAS and LAAS	p. 262
Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)	p. 262
Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS)	p. 262
Flight Management Systems	p. 265
System Description	p. 265
Introduction	p. 265
Navigation Management Functions	p. 266
Navigation Modes	p. 267
Database	p. 267
Guidance	p. 268
Map Displays	p. 269
Miscellaneous Functions	p. 269
Controls	p. 269
Control Display Unit	p. 269
CRT	p. 270
Color Assignments	p. 270
Alphanumeric Keys	p. 270
Scratchpad	p. 270
Line-Select Keys	p. 270
Function Keys	p. 271
Annunciators	p. 272
Brightness Control	p. 273
Viewing Angle	p. 273
Navigation	p. 274
Time	p. 277
A Concept of Vital Importance to Pilots	p. 277
The Evolution of the Calendar	p. 278
The Calendar of Romulus	p. 278
The Numa Calendar	p. 278
The Julian Calendar	p. 278
The Gregorian Calendar	p. 279
The First Almanacs	p. 280
The Greek Olympiads	p. 280
The Hebrew Calendar	p. 280
The French Revolutionary Decimal Calendar	p. 281
The Soviet Russia Experiments in Calendar Changing	p. 281
The Julian Day of the Astronomers	p. 281
Calendar Improvement	p. 282
Kinds of Time	p. 282
Universal Time	p. 282
Stellar or Sidereal Time	p. 282
The Earth's Rotation and Universal Time	p. 283
Ephemeris Time	p. 283
Length of the Year	p. 284
The Timekeepers	p. 284
NBS and USNO	p. 284
The Bureau International de I'Heure	p. 285
History of Time Broadcasts	p. 285
Standard Time Zones and Daylight-Saving Time	p. 286
How Pilots Know What Time It Is	p. 287
Time From the Sky	p. 289
Measuring Time	p. 289
Apparent Solar Time	p. 290
Mean Solar Time	p. 290
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) and Universal Coordinated Time (UTC)	p. 290
Local Mean Time (LMT)	p. 290
Relationship of Time and Longitude	p. 290
Navigation System Errors and Limitations	p. 293
Risk Management	p. 293
Navigation System Limitations	p. 293
The Accuracy Check	p. 294
The Gross Error Check	p. 295
Procedures Used to Minimize Errors	p. 295
Additional Procedures for Error Detection	p. 297
The Use of a Master Document	p. 297
Clearances	p. 297
Position Plotting	p. 298
Relief Crew Members	p. 298
Preflight Procedures Aimed at Minimizing Error	p. 298
Guarding Against Complacency--A Caution	p. 300
Rare Causes of Errors	p. 300
More Common Causes of Errors	p. 300
Hints to Help Avoid Complacency	p. 300
Celestial Concepts	p. 303
Celestial Navigation	p. 303
Celestial Concepts	p. 304
Motions of Celestial Bodies	p. 306
Apparent Motion	p. 306
Seasons	p. 307
Celestial Coordinates	p. 307
The Celestial LOP	p. 311
Observed Altitude	p. 311
True Azimuth	p. 312
The Celestial Fix	p. 313
Duration of Daylight	p. 313
Altitude Effect	p. 314
Study Questions	p. 316
The Future of Air Navigation	p. 317
FANS	p. 317
The Present Air Navigation System	p. 317
Communications	p. 317
Navigation	p. 317
Surveillance	p. 317
Air Traffic Services (ATS)	p. 319
Need for Change	p. 320
The Future Air Navigation System	p. 321
Communications	p. 321
Navigation	p. 322
Surveillance	p. 324
Epilogue	p. 325
Glossary of Terms	p. 327
Navigation Terminology	p. 327
International Operations Terminology	p. 337
Readings in International Etiquette and Customs ICAO Flight Plan Form (blank)	p. 343
Index	p. 345
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Global Navigation for Pilots International Flight Techniques and Procedures

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