Basic Methods of Structural Geology

, by Marshak, Stephen; Mitra, Gautum

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ISBN: 9780130651785 | 0130651788
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 3/25/1988

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Summary

Supplemental Materials

Complete coverage of all the basic topics of structural geology.

Contributing Authors

Preface

xiii

PART I ELEMENTARY TECHNIQUES

(174)

Stephen Marshak

Gautam Mitra

Measurement of Attitude and Location

(16)

Introduction

(1)

Reference Frame

(1)

Attitudes of Planes

(3)

Attitudes of Lines

(1)

Use of a Compass

(6)

Locating Points with a Compass

(5)

Exercises

(2)

Interpretation and Construction of Contour Maps

(26)

Introduction

(1)

Elements of Contour Maps

(3)

Interpretation of Topographic Maps

(5)

Structure-Contour and Form-Line Contour Maps

(3)

Isopach and Isochore Maps

(2)

Construction of Contour Maps

(13)

Exercises

(10)

Geometric Methods I: Attitude Calculations

(22)

Introduction

(1)

Projections and Descriptive Geometry

(2)

Three-Point Problems

(2)

Calculation of Outcrop Trace from Attitude Data

(1)

True and Apparent Dips

(6)

Calculation of Linear Attitudes

(11)

Exercises

(7)

Geometric Methods II: Dimension Calculations

(20)

Introduction

(1)

Depth to a Plane

(6)

Calculation of Layer Thickness

(6)

Determination of Line Length

(1)

Area of a Dipping Plane

(1)

Descriptive-Geometry Analysis of Fault Offset

(6)

Exercises

(4)

Introduction to Stereographic Projections

(18)

Introduction

(1)

Concept of a Stereographic Projection

(5)

The Stereonet

(3)

Plotting Techniques

(10)

Exercises

103

(2)

Stereographic Poles and Rotations

105

(26)

Introduction

105

(1)

Pole to a Plane

105

(2)

Angles between Lines and Planes

107

(3)

Rotation

110

(8)

Applications of Stereographic Rotations

118

(13)

Exercises

124

(7)

Calculation of Layer Attitude in Drill Holes

131

(14)

Introduction

131

(1)

Data from One Drill Hole

131

(5)

Data from Two Drill Holes

136

(4)

Data from Three Drill Holes

140

(1)

Using Rotation for Drill-Hole Problems

141

(4)

Exercises

143

(2)

Equal-Area Projections and Structural Analysis

145

(30)

Introduction

145

(1)

Equal-Area Projections and the Schmidt Net

146

(2)

Contouring of Equal-Area Plots

148

(7)

Patterns of Point Data on Equal-Area Projections

155

(2)

Analysis of Folding with an Equal-Area Net

157

(2)

Analysis of Fabrics with an Equal-Area Net

159

(16)

Exercises

171

(4)

PART II SPECIAL TOPICS

175

(210)

Stephen Marshak

Gautam Mitra

Interpretation of Geologic Maps

177

(16)

Lucian B. Platt

Introduction

177

(1)

Limitations of Map Scale

177

(1)

Observing Local Details on a Map

178

(1)

Understanding Intersections of Geologic Contacts

179

(1)

Implications of Unit Thickness

180

(1)

Steps in Analysis of Geologic Maps

181

(4)

The Method of Multiple Working Hypotheses

185

(1)

Summary

186

(7)

Exercises

187

(6)

Analysis of Data from Rock-Deformation Experiments

193

(20)

Terry Engelder

Stephen Marshak

Introduction

193

(1)

The Rock-Deformation Experiment

193

(6)

Analysis of Rock Strength and Failure Criteria

199

(3)

Analysis of Ductile Deformation

202

(2)

Analysis of Rock Friction

204

(5)

Frictional Properties of Fault Gouge

209

(2)

Acknowledgments

211

(2)

Additional Exercises

211

(2)

Description of Mesoscopic Structures

213

(36)

Gautam Mitra

Stephen Marshak

Introduction

213

(1)

Folds

213

(13)

Shear Zones, Faults, and Fault Zones

226

(12)

Foliations

238

(5)

Lineation

243

(3)

Veins

246

(3)

Analysis of Fracture Array Geometry

249

(20)

Arthur Goldstein

Stephen Marshak

Introduction

249

(1)

Characteristics of Joints

249

(1)

Collection and Representation of Attitude Data on Joints

250

(6)

Style, Age Analysis, and Interpretation of Joints

256

(2)

Fault-Array Analysis

258

(6)

Lineament-Array Analysis

264

(1)

Acknowledgments

264

(5)

Exercises

265

(4)

Objective Methods for Constructing Profiles and Block Diagrams of Folds

269

(34)

Steven Wojtal

Introduction

269

(1)

Fold Styles and Section Lines

269

(2)

Busk Method of Constructing Sections of Nonplunging Folds

271

(6)

Kink-Style Construction of Nonplunging Folds

277

(5)

Dip-Isogon Method of Constructing Fold Profiles

282

(2)

Constructing Profiles of Nonparallel Folds by Orthographic Projection

284

(2)

Constructing Profiles of Plunging Folds

286

(6)

Constructing Block Diagrams

292

(5)

Appendix: Use of a Computer for Down-Plunge Projections

297

(6)

Exercises

297

(6)

Introduction to Cross-Section Balancing

303

(30)

Stephen Marshak

Nicholas Woodward

Introduction

303

(1)

Terminology of Fold-Thrust Belts

304

(5)

Concept of a Balanced Cross Section

309

(5)

Drawing a Deformed-State Cross Section

314

(3)

Restoring a Cross Section

317

(3)

Evaluating and Improving a Section

320

(4)

Depth-to-Detachment and Regional Shortening Calculations

324

(1)

Applications of Balanced Cross Sections

325

(1)

Acknowledgments

325

(8)

Exercises

326

(7)

Analysis of Two-Dimensional Finite Strain

333

(28)

Carol Simpson

Introduction

333

(1)

Displacement-Vector Patterns

333

(2)

Strain Measurement

335

(1)

Types of Homogeneous Strain

336

(6)

Strain Markers

342

(1)

Use of Originally Linear Strain Markers

343

(2)

Use of Bilaterally Symmetrical Fossils

345

(6)

Use of Originally Ellipsoidal Markers

351

(8)

Concluding Remarks

359

(1)

Acknowledgments

359

(2)

Interpretation of Poly-Deformed Terranes

361

(24)

Sharon Mosher

Mark Helper

Introduction

361

(1)

Nomenclature

361

(1)

Mapping and Data Analysis

362

(1)

Superimposed Minor Folds

363

(4)

Unraveling Multiple Fabrics

367

(2)

Correlation of Structural Generations

369

(5)

Possible Origins of Polyphase Structural Patterns

374

(11)

Exercises

374

(11)

PART III APPENDICES

385

(42)

Appendix 1 Review of the key Concepts of Maps, Cross Sections, Diagrams, and photos

387

(14)

A1-1 Introduction

387

(1)

A1-2 Elements of Maps

387

(7)

A1-3 Patterns of Simple Geologic Structures on Maps

394

(3)

A1-4 Elements of Cross Sections and Profiles

397

(1)

A1-5 Diagrams, Sketches, and Photos

398

(2)

Exercises

400

(1)

Appendix 2 Basic Trigonometry

401

(2)

A2-1 Fundamental Identities

401

(1)

A2-2 Law of Sines and Law of Cosines

402

(1)

Appendix 3 Suggestions for Mapping Geologic Structures

403

(4)

A3-1 Introduction

403

(1)

A3-2 Matching Mapping Technique to the Problem

403

(1)

A3-3 Aspects of Mapping Strategy

404

(3)

Appendix 4 Templates for Plotting Geologic Data

407

(20)

A4-1 Equal-Angle (Wulff) Net

409

(2)

A4-2 Equal-Area (Schmidt) Net

411

(2)

A4-3 Rose Diagram Grid

413

(2)

A4-4 Lambert Polar Equal-Area Net

415

(2)

A4-5 Kalsbeek Counting Net

417

(2)

A4-6 Grid for Use with a Schmidt Counter

419

(2)

A4-7 Schmidt Counter

421

(2)

A4-8 Orthographic Net

423

(2)

A4-9 Hyperbolic Net

425

(2)

References

427

(10)

Index

437

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Basic Methods of Structural Geology

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials