Cleft and Craniofacial Orthodontics

Comprehensive reference work for managing patients with orofacial clefts and complex craniofacial conditions from birth to skeletal maturity

Cleft and Craniofacial Orthodontics is a comprehensive and detailed reference work on the management of patients with orofacial clefts and complex craniofacial conditions. Covering patients ranging from birth to skeletal maturity, the book provides orthodontists, plastic and oral and maxillofacial surgeons, speech and language therapists, pediatric dentists, and prosthodontists with the information they need to evaluate and treat these conditions. Highlighting the multidisciplinary team approach, the book aids clinicians in developing a complete plan for their patients.

Each chapter is organized to reflect clinical practice, making it easy to apply the information to the treatment setting. Additionally, a companion website offers video clips of surgical and orthodontic procedures to further aid in reader comprehension and application. Sample topics covered within the work include:

• Introduction to orofacial clefting: cleft lip and palate anatomy, cleft types and classification, epidemiology, and genetics of cleft lip and palate
• Early management of orofacial clefting: prenatal diagnosis and counselling, feeding infants with clefts, and development of nasoalveolar molding therapy
• Orthodontic treatment: interceptive orthodontics, management of anteroposterior and transverse discrepancies, preparation for alveolar bone grafting, and combined orthodontic-orthognathic management
• Orthodontic and multidisciplinary management of twenty complex craniofacial conditions including craniofacial microsomia, Treacher-Collins syndrome, and syndromic craniosynostosis

Orthodontists, plastic surgeons, craniofacial surgeons, oral and maxillofacial surgeons, speech and language therapists, pediatric dentists, prosthodontists, and otolaryngologists can use this book to attain essential knowledge on managing patients with orofacial clefts and complex craniofacial conditions and understand how to apply that knowledge to practical patient settings.

The Editors

Pradip R. Shetye, DDS, BDS, MDS, is an Associate Professor of Plastic Surgery (Orthodontics) at NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Assistant Professor of Orthodontics at NYU College of Dentistry, Craniofacial Orthodontist at Hassenfeld Children’s Hospital, Director of Orthodontics at Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery and Director of Craniofacial Orthodontic Fellowship Program at NYU Langone Health, in New York City, New York, USA.

Travis L. Gibson, DMD, MSc, is a Clinical Assistant Professor at the University of British Columbia Faculty of Dentistry in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and a Craniofacial Orthodontist at the BC Children’s Hospital in Vancouver, Canada, USA.

Contributors ix

Preface xiv

About the companion website xv

Part I Introduction to craniofacial orthodontics and team care

Introduction 3
Travis L. Gibson and Pradip R. Shetye

1 Craniofacial team concept and the role of a craniofacial team 8
Travis L. Gibson and Pradip R. Shetye

2 Evolution of craniofacial orthodontics as a subspecialty 18
Travis L. Gibson and Barry H. Grayson

Part II Introduction to orofacial clefting

3 Embryology and classification of orofacial clefting 27
Julia S. Dworan Erica M.N.O. Okine and Jill A. Helms

4 Epidemiology etiology and genetics of orofacial clefting 39
Lina M. Moreno Uribe and Mary L. Marazita

5 Anatomy of cleft lip and palate 61
Carter J. Boyd Leslie Slowikowski Roberto L. Flores and Lindsay A. Schuster

Part III Management of orofacial clefting – prenatal period and infancy

6 Prenatal diagnosis family counseling and infant feeding 77
Patricia Chibbaro

7 History and current presurgical infant orthopedic treatment 87
Shayna Avinoam and Pradip R. Shetye

8 Introduction to clinical provision of nasoalveolar molding 101
Pradip R. Shetye and Travis L. Gibson

9 Nasoalveolar molding in unilateral cleft lip and palate 119
Pradip R. Shetye and Travis L. Gibson

10 Nasoalveolar molding in bilateral cleft lip and palate 134
Pradip R. Shetye and Travis L. Gibson Copyrighted Material

11 Technological advancements in presurgical infant orthopedics 149
Puneet Batra and Sreevatsan Raghavan

12 Post- surgical nostril retainer in orofacial clefts 158
Pradip R. Shetye

13 Primary surgical repair for unilateral cleft lip 165
Paul Mittermiller Kerry A. Morrison and David A. Staffenberg

14 Primary surgical repair for bilateral cleft lip 173
Evellyn M. DeMitchell- Rodriguez and Roberto L. Flores

15 Cleft palate repair 183
Alexandra J. Lin and Roberto L. Flores

16 Otolaryngology considerations in cleft and craniofacial care 196
Scott M. Rickert

Part IV Management of orofacial clefting – preschool years

17 Dental development in children with orofacial clefting 209
Daniela Garib and Felicia Miranda

18 Pediatric dental management in patients with orofacial clefts 222
Serena N. Kassam Mohammad Mansoor Ahmed and Linda R. Rosenberg

19 Normal speech and language and the management of speech disorders in patients with clefts 236
Ann W. Kummer

20 Management of velopharyngeal dysfunction 249
Jordan N. Halsey and Richard E. Kirschner

Part V Management of orofacial clefting – preadolescence

21 Orthodontic treatment for orofacial clefting in preadolescence 263
Pradip R. Shetye

22 Correcting transverse discrepancies in patients with clefts 279
Daniela Garib Camila Massaro and Rita Lauris

23 Correcting anteroposterior discrepancies in patients with orofacial clefts 297
Daniela Garib and Renata M. Kato

24 Orthodontic preparation for alveolar bone grafting in unilateral cleft lip and palate 310
Pradip R. Shetye

25 Orthodontic preparation for alveolar bone grafting in bilateral cleft lip and palate 323
Pradip R. Shetye

26 Alveolar bone graft surgery 333
Bonnie L. Padwa

27 Outcomes of secondary alveolar bone graft surgery 346
Daniela Garib Claudia Resende Leal and Roberta Martinelli Carvalho

28 Orthodontic preparation for premaxillary repositioning surgery 359
Pradip R. Shetye

29 Clear aligner therapy for pre- adolescent patients with cleft lip and palate 371
Judah S. Garfinkle

Part VI Management of orofacial clefting – early adolescence

30 Orthodontic treatment for mild maxillomandibular discrepancies in early adolescence 389
Pradip R. Shetye

31 Orthodontic treatment for moderate to severe maxillomandibular discrepancies in early adolescence 403
Pradip R. Shetye

32 Maxillary distraction in adolescent patients with orofacial clefts 411
Alvaro A. Figueroa

33 Alveolar and anterior maxillary distraction in patients with orofacial clefts 441
Melih Motro Nejat Erverdi and Yasemin Bahar Acar

Part VII Management of orofacial clefting – late adolescence and adulthood

34 Orthodontic treatment for orofacial clefting in late adolescence 455
Pradip R. Shetye

35 Evaluation of patients with clefts for orthognathic surgery 463
Pradip R. Shetye and Travis L. Gibson

36 Orthognathic surgery in patients with clefts – maxillary surgery 475
Pradip R. Shetye

37 Orthognathic surgery in patients with clefts – maxillary and mandibular surgery 490
Pradip R. Shetye

38 Surgery first approach in patients with clefts 500
Pradip R. Shetye

39 Adult orthodontics in patients with clefts 509
Pradip R. Shetye

40 Management of missing teeth dental implants and prosthetic restoration in orofacial clefts 517
Gregory S. Antonarakis and Robert P. Carmichael

41 Secondary soft tissue revision surgery at skeletal maturity in patients with orofacial clefts 542
Alexandra Junn Jacob Dinis Joseph Lopez and Derek Steinbacher

Part VIII Outcomes in cleft care

42 Growth and development of the craniofacial skeleton in patients with clefts 561
Manish Valiathan Tarek Elshebiny Rany Bous Konstantinos Apostolopoulos and Pardeep Kaur

43 Standardized diagnostic records in cleft and craniofacial orthodontics 581
Ross E. Long Jr

44 Radiology in cleft and craniofacial care 593
Dorothy Sonya

45 Retention and stability in patients with orofacial clefts 609
Douglas Olson

46 Psychosocial development and care in patients with orofacial clefting 619
Aileen Blitz

47 Access issues and burden of care in craniofacial orthodontics 630
Emily Fisher Travis L. Gibson and Christine Loock

48 Application of artificial intelligence in treating patients with cleft and craniofacial anomalies 638
Mohammed H. Elnagar Sumit Yadav Flavio Sanchez Shankar Rengasamy Venugopalan and Veerasathpurush Allareddy

Part IX Orthodontic management of complex craniofacial conditions

49 Orthodontic management in Pierre Robin sequence 649
Pradip R. Shetye

50 Orthodontic management in craniofacial microsomia 657
Pradip R. Shetye

51 Orthodontic management in Treacher Collins syndrome 667
Annie Nguyen and Hitesh Kapadia

52 Orthodontic management in syndromic craniosynostosis 678
Pradip R. Shetye

53 Orthodontic management in cleidocranial dysplasia 690
Pradip R. Shetye and Travis L. Gibson

54 Orthodontic management in Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome 702
Pradip R. Shetye

55 Orthodontic management of achondroplasia 708
Annie Nguyen and Hitesh Kapadia

56 Overview of other craniofacial conditions 722
Puttipong Sripinun Stacey H. Francis and Michelle Scott

57 Distraction osteogenesis in craniofacial syndromes 743
Shayna Avinoam and Pradip R. Shetye

58 Orthodontic management of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea 757
Benjamin T. Pliska

59 Role of the orthodontist in managing facial trauma and post- oncological treatment 770
Pradip R. Shetye

60 Role of the orthodontist in facial transplantation 781
Eduardo D. Rodriguez Daniel Boczar Hilliard T. Brydges Zoe P. Berman and Rami S. Kantar

Index 797

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