Homemaker Home Health Aide

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ISBN: 9781401831394 | 1401831397
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 5/27/2004

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Homemaker/Home Health Aide, 6th Edition is a comprehensive resource designed for use in initial training programs for home health aides, and as a reference in required continuing education courses. The practical applications of procedures required by OBRA are included in each unit. This book is designed to train new individuals entering the field for the first time, and practicing home health aides to be caring, dedicated, and skilled paraprofessionals. The role of the home health aide as a valuable member of the health care team is emphasized. CD-Rom that Accompanies Homemaker Home Health Aide, 6E includes an Overview, Highlights and Summary for each unit, Flash Cards with vocabulary words, Quizzes and Quiz Score Reports.

List of Procedures

xix

Preface

xxi

Features of This Book

xxviii

How to Use the Practice Software CD-ROM

xxx

Basic Skills for the Home Care Aides DVD Series

xxxiii

SECTION 1 Becoming a Home Health Aide

(73)

Home Health Services

(11)

The Development of Home Health Services

(1)

Increase in Need for Home Care Services

(1)

Types of Home Care Workers

(3)

The Health Care Team

(2)

Health Care Workplaces Outside the Hospital or Long-Term Care Facility

(1)

Adult Day Care Centers

(1)

Assisted Living Facility

(1)

Homemaker/Home Care Agencies

(1)

Home Health Care Agencies

(1)

Self-Employment

(1)

Reimbursement Issues Influencing Health Care

(2)

Medicare

(1)

Medicaid

(1)

Long-Term Care Insurance

(1)

Managed Care

(1)

The Client

(3)

Home Health Aide Responsibilities and Legal Rights

(14)

Skills and Qualities of the Home Health Aide

(1)

Responsibilities of the Home Health Aide

(3)

Ability to Follow Instructions

(1)

Willingness to Follow Instructions

(1)

Constructive Criticism

(1)

Legal Terms

(1)

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA)

(1)

Situations for Home Health Aides to Avoid

(1)

Organizational Skills

(1)

Interpersonal Skills

(2)

Good Personal Health and Hygiene

(1)

Guidelines for Personal Appearance of the Home Health Aide

(1)

Ethical Behavior

(1)

Ethical Standards

(1)

Professional Standards

(1)

Client's Rights

(1)

Home Health Aide's Rights

(1)

Client Abuse

(3)

Developing Effective Communication Skills and Documentation

(18)

Cultural Diversity

(1)

Stressful Conditions in the Home

(1)

Communication in the Workplace

(1)

Send a Clear Message

(1)

Observation

(1)

Positive Feedback

(1)

Putting Thoughts into Words

(1)

Message Delivery

(1)

Receiving Messages

(1)

Barriers to the Communication Process

(2)

Not Listening

(1)

Changing the Subject

(1)

Using Cliches or Platitudes

(1)

Giving Advice

(1)

Talking About Yourself

(1)

Showing Disapproval and Passing Judgment on the Client

(1)

Asking ``Why'' Questions

(1)

Effective Listening Skills

(1)

Active Listening Behaviors

(1)

Paraphrasing

(1)

Reflecting the Speaker's Feelings

(1)

Asking for More Information

(1)

Using Nonverbal Communication

(1)

Observation Skills

(1)

Reporting

(1)

Documenting

(3)

Answering the Telephone

(1)

Assessment and Admission

(4)

Plan of Care

(4)

Safety

(13)

Common Hazards

(3)

Falls and Risks

(3)

Risks for Burns

(4)

Fire

(4)

Safety Checklist

(1)

Tips for Handling Oxygen Equipment

(1)

Tips for Home Safety with Client with Dementia

(1)

Safety Outside the Client's Home

(3)

Do's and Don'ts

(1)

Safety When Walking

(1)

Safety When Driving

(1)

Buses and Subways

(3)

Homemaking Service

(16)

Household Management

(1)

Planning and Organization

(1)

Basic Cleaning Supplies

(1)

Combining Client Care and Household Tasks

(1)

Maintaining a Clean Home Environment

(1)

Doing the Client's Laundry

(1)

Sorting Laundry

(1)

Loading the Washing Machine

(1)

Drying Clothes

(1)

Ironing

(1)

Cleaning the Bathroom

(1)

Cleaning the Kitchen

(1)

Dishes

(1)

Cleaning Kitchen Countertops

(1)

Cleaning Vinyl Floors

(1)

Cleaning Ceramic Floors

(1)

Cleaning Exterior of Cabinets

(1)

Cleaning Safety Tips

(1)

Cleaning Tasks if There Are Pets in the House

(1)

Daily Cleaning Tasks

(1)

Weekly Cleaning Tasks

(1)

Periodic Cleaning Tasks

(1)

Variables When Changing Bed Linens

(3)

Linens

(1)

Guidelines for Bedmaking

(1)

Bed Terminology

(1)

Procedure 1 Changing an Unoccupied Bed

(3)

Procedure 2 Changing an Occupied Bed

(3)

SECTION 2 Stages of Human Development

(41)

Infancy to Adolescence

(15)

Becoming a Family

(1)

Pregnancy

(1)

Labor and Delivery

(1)

Normal Infant Growth and Development

(1)

Normal Weight Gain

(1)

Health Problems in Infancy and Early Childhood

(3)

Common Childhood Illnesses

(1)

Coxsackievirus--Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease

(1)

Strep Throat

(1)

Pinkeye--Bacterial Conjunctivitis

(1)

Croup

(1)

Influenza

(1)

Rotavirus (Diarrhea/Vomiting)

(1)

Otitis Media (Middle Ear Infection)

(1)

Developmental Disabilities and Learning Disorders

(1)

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

(1)

Autism

(1)

Responsibilities of the Home Health Aide

(1)

Handling Visitors

(1)

Toddlers and Preschoolers

(2)

Safety

(1)

School-Aged Children

(1)

Adolescence

(2)

Physical Changes in Puberty

(1)

The Teen Years

(1)

Common Health Problems in Adolescence

(1)

Child Abuse, Maltreatment, and Neglect

(4)

Early and Middle Adulthood

(7)

Early Adulthood

(1)

Early Adulthood Adjustments

(1)

Preventive Health Measures for Women

(1)

Preventive Health Measures for Men

(1)

Middle Adulthood

(5)

Middle Adulthood Adjustments

(1)

Leisure-Time Activity

(1)

Illness and Disability

(1)

Emotional Needs

(2)

Older Adulthood

(18)

The Aging Population

(2)

Increase in Number

(1)

Developmental Tasks of Older Adults

(1)

Aging Well Characteristics

(1)

Depression

(1)

Leisure-Time Activities

(1)

Physical Changes Due to the Aging Process

100

(2)

Ear Changes

100

(2)

Procedure 3 Inserting a Hearing Aid

102

(2)

Vision Changes

102

(2)

Procedure 4 Caring for an Artificial Eye

104

(4)

Common Diseases of the Eye

105

(1)

Digestive System Changes

105

(1)

Urinary System Changes

105

(1)

Immune System Changes

106

(1)

Musculoskeletal Changes

106

(1)

Reproductive System Changes

106

(1)

Integumentary (Skin) System Changes

107

(1)

Endocrine System Changes

107

(1)

Respiratory System Changes

107

(1)

Circulatory System Changes

108

(1)

Nervous System Changes

108

(1)

Changes in Sleep Patterns

108

(1)

Pain

108

(1)

Medication

108

(4)

Procedure 5 Assisting the Client with Self-Administered Medications

112

(3)

SECTION 3 Preventing the Spread of Infectious Disease

115

(26)

Principles of Infection Control

116

(25)

Infectious Disease

117

(1)

The Chain of Infection

117

(1)

Causes of Physical Illnesses

117

(3)

Controlling the Spread of Illness

120

(2)

Agency Requirements

122

(1)

Infection Control Measures

122

(1)

Procedure 6 Handwashing

123

(1)

Standard Precautions

124

(1)

Transmission-Based Precautions

124

(3)

Antibiotic-Resistant Organisms

126

(1)

Procedure 7 Gloving

127

(2)

Procedure 8 Putting On and Removing Personal Protective Equipment

129

(2)

Collecting a Specimen From a Client on Transmission-Based Precautions

131

(1)

Procedure 9 Collecting Specimen from Client on Transmission-Based Precautions

131

(2)

Tuberculosis

132

(1)

Hepatitis

132

(1)

AIDS

133

(8)

How to Protect Against AIDS

136

(1)

Caring for the AIDS Client

136

(1)

What a Home Health Aide Can and Should Do

136

(5)

SECTION 4 Understanding Health

141

(34)

From Wellness to Illness

142

(25)

The Remarkable Body

143

(1)

Internal Health

144

(3)

Internal Disorders

144

(1)

Emotional Disorders

144

(3)

Observing Signs and Symptoms

147

(1)

Vital Signs

147

(2)

Temperature

147

(1)

Pulse and Respiratory Rates

147

(2)

Procedure 10 Taking a Tympanic (Ear) Temperature

149

(2)

Procedure 11 Taking an Oral Temperature (Digital Thermometer)

151

(1)

Procedure 12 Taking an Axillary Temperature

152

(1)

Procedure 13 Taking a Rectal Temperature (Digital Thermometer)

152

(2)

Procedure 14 Taking a Radial Pulse

154

(1)

Procedure 15 Taking an Apical Pulse

154

(2)

Apical-Radial Pulse

155

(1)

Procedure 16 Counting Respirations

156

(1)

Procedure 17 Taking Blood Pressure

157

(3)

Levels of Consciousness

160

(1)

Procedure 18 Measuring Weight and Height

161

(1)

Dangers of Extreme Body Temperature

162

(5)

Hyperthermia

162

(2)

Hypothermia

164

(3)

Mental Health

167

(8)

Understanding Emotions

168

(2)

Stages of Personality Development

168

(2)

Stress

170

(1)

Mental Disorders

170

(2)

Anxiety Disorders

171

(1)

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

171

(1)

Delirium

171

(1)

Mood Disorders or Bipolar Disorders

171

(1)

Psychotic Disorders

172

(1)

Effects of Emotions on Health

172

(3)

SECTION 5 Body Systems and Common Disorders

175

(188)

Digestion and Nutrition

176

(27)

Digestive System

177

(1)

Common Disorders of the Digestive System

178

(1)

Ulcers

178

(1)

Hiatal Hernia

178

(1)

Heartburn/Reflux

178

(1)

Nutrition

178

(1)

Food Guide Pyramid

179

(3)

Dietary Guidelines for Americans

180

(1)

Food Labels

180

(1)

Eat a Variety of Foods

181

(1)

A Daily Food Guide

181

(1)

Choose a Diet Low in Fat, Saturated Fat, and Cholesterol

182

(1)

Developing Good Eating Habits

182

(5)

Empty-Calorie Foods

183

(1)

Overeating

183

(1)

Malnutrition

184

(2)

The Importance of Water

186

(1)

General Guidelines for Meal Planning

187

(1)

Eating Patterns

187

(1)

Shopping and Meal Preparation

187

(7)

Menus and Shopping Lists

188

(1)

Purchasing Food

188

(2)

Storing Food

190

(1)

Meal Preparation

190

(1)

Food Allergies

191

(1)

Food Preparation and Appeal

191

(3)

Diet Therapy

194

(3)

Special Diets

194

(3)

Feeding the Client

197

(1)

Procedure 19 Feeding the Client

197

(6)

Total Parenteral Nutrition

200

(3)

Elimination

203

(27)

Urinary System

204

(1)

Prevention of Urinary Tract Infections

205

(1)

Common Disorders of the Urinary System

205

(2)

Incontinence

205

(1)

Cystitis

206

(1)

Kidney Stones

206

(1)

Renal (Kidney) Failure

206

(1)

Common Disorders of the Lower Intestines and Rectum

207

(1)

Diverticulitis

207

(1)

Hemorrhoids

207

(1)

Cancer of the Colon

207

(1)

Client Care Procedures

207

(1)

Measuring and Recording Fluids

207

(1)

Procedure 20 Measuring and Recording Fluid intake and Output

208

(2)

Giving and Emptying the Bedpan or Urinal

210

(1)

Procedure 21 Giving and Emptying the Bedpan

210

(1)

Procedure 22 Giving and Emptying the Urinal

211

(1)

Procedure 23 Assisting Client to Use the Portable Commode

212

(1)

Collecting a Urine Specimen

212

(1)

Caring for Catheters

212

(1)

Procedure 24 Collecting a Clean-Catch Urine Specimen

212

(1)

Procedure 25 Caring for a Urinary Catheter

213

(2)

Procedure 26 Connecting the Leg Bag

215

(1)

Procedure 27 Emptying a Drainage Unit

216

(1)

Procedure 28 Applying a Condom (External) Catheter

217

(2)

Retraining the Bladder

218

(1)

Bowel Movements

218

(1)

Procedure 29 Retraining the Bladder

219

(1)

Enemas and Rectal Suppositories

219

(1)

Procedure 30 Giving a Commercial Enema

220

(1)

Procedure 31 Giving a Rectal Suppository

221

(1)

Adult Briefs

221

(1)

Bowel Regulating Programs

221

(1)

Procedure 32 Regulating the Bowels

222

(1)

Procedure 33 Applying Adult Briefs

222

(2)

Collecting a Stool Specimen

223

(1)

Caring for an Ostomy Bag

223

(1)

Procedure 34 Collecting a Stool Specimen

224

(2)

Procedure 35 Assisting with Changing an Ostomy Bag

226

(4)

Integumentary System

230

(31)

Integumentary System

231

(1)

Common Disorders of the Integumentary System

231

(6)

Procedure 36 Applying Clean Dressing and Ointment to Broken Skin

237

(1)

Hygiene

238

(1)

Bathing a Client

239

(1)

Giving a Bed Bath

239

(1)

Procedure 37 Assisting with Tub Bath or Shower

239

(3)

Procedure 38 Giving a Bed Bath

242

(3)

Back Rub

244

(1)

Perineal Care

244

(1)

Procedure 39 Giving a Back Rub

245

(1)

Procedure 40 Giving Female Perineal Care

246

(1)

Procedure 41 Giving Male Perineal Care

247

(1)

Oral Care

247

(1)

Procedure 42 Assisting with Routine Oral Hygiene

248

(3)

Procedure 43 Caring for Dentures

251

(2)

Personal Care and Grooming

253

(1)

Procedure 44 Shaving the Male Client

253

(2)

Procedure 45 Performing a Warm Foot Soak

255

(1)

Procedure 46 Giving Nail Care

256

(1)

Procedure 47 Shampooing Hair in Bed

257

(4)

Musculoskeletal System: Arthritis, Body Mechanics, and Restorative Care

261

(46)

Musculoskeletal System

262

(3)

Common Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System

264

(1)

Definition of Arthritis

265

(1)

Rheumatoid Arthritis

265

(1)

Osteoarthritis

266

(1)

Management of Arthritis

266

(3)

Diet Therapy

266

(1)

Exercise

267

(1)

Medication

267

(1)

Surgery

267

(1)

Nursing Care After Joint Replacement Surgery

268

(1)

Assistive Devices

268

(1)

Principles of Good Body Mechanics

269

(5)

Applications of Good Body Mechanics to Client Care

273

(1)

Positioning

273

(1)

Procedure 48 Applying a Transfer or Gait Belt

274

(1)

Procedure 49 Dangling a Client

275

(1)

Procedure 50 Turning the Client Toward You

276

(1)

Procedure 51 Moving the Client up in Bed Using the Drawsheet

277

(1)

Procedure 52 Log Rolling the Client

278

(2)

Procedure 53 Positioning the Client in Supine Position

280

(1)

Procedure 54 Positioning the Client in Lateral/Side-lying Position

280

(1)

Procedure 55 Positioning the Client in Prone Position

281

(1)

Procedure 56 Positioning the Client in Fowler's Position

282

(1)

Transfers

282

(1)

Procedure 57 Assisting the Client from Bed to Wheelchair

282

(2)

Procedure 58 Assisting the Client from Wheelchair to Bed

284

(1)

Procedure 59 Transferring the Client from Wheelchair to Toilet/Commode

285

(1)

Procedure 60 Lifting the Client Using a Mechanical Lift

286

(1)

Procedure 61 Using a Stand Lift

287

(1)

Procedure 62 Caring for Casts

288

(1)

Cast Care

288

(2)

Application of Cold

290

(1)

Procedure 63 Applying a Cold Application to the Client's Skin

291

(1)

Personal Care

291

(1)

Procedure 64 Dressing and Undressing the Client

292

(1)

Mobility and Exercises

292

(1)

Need for Rehabilitation

292

(1)

Procedure 65 Performing Active Range-of-Motion Exercises

293

(3)

Procedure 66 Performing Passive Range-of-Motion Exercises

296

(4)

Procedure 67 Assisting the Client to Walk with Crutches, Walker, or Cane

300

(3)

Emotional Aspects of Rehabilitation

303

(1)

Rehabilitation and Activities

303

(4)

Nervous System

307

(13)

Nervous System

308

(1)

Disorders of the Nervous System

309

(3)

Parkinson's Disease

309

(1)

Multiple Sclerosis

310

(1)

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

311

(1)

Epilepsy

311

(1)

Muscular Dystrophy

311

(1)

Spinal Cord Injuries

311

(1)

Procedure 68 Caring for a Client Having a Seizure

312

(8)

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) or Stroke

312

(8)

Circulatory System

320

(13)

Circulatory System

321

(2)

Risk Factors

323

(1)

Disorders of the Heart and Circulatory System

323

(5)

Angina Pectoris

323

(1)

Myocardial Infarction

324

(2)

Congestive Heart Failure

326

(1)

Arteriosclerosis

326

(1)

Phlebitis

326

(1)

Venous Insufficiency

326

(2)

Procedure 69 Applying Elasticized Stockings

328

(1)

Arterial Insufficiency

329

(1)

Gangrene

329

(1)

Disorders of the Blood

329

(4)

Anemia

330

(1)

Sickle Cell Anemia

330

(1)

Leukemia

330

(1)

Hemophilia

330

(3)

Respiratory System

333

(9)

Respiratory System

334

(1)

Major Respiratory Illnesses

334

(2)

Procedure 70 Collecting a Sputum Specimen

336

(1)

Pneumonia

336

(1)

Chronic Bronchitis

336

(1)

Procedure 71 Assisting With Cough and Deep-Breathing Exercises

337

(1)

Asthma

337

(1)

Emphysema

337

(1)

Procedure 72 Assisting the Client With Oxygen Therapy

338

(4)

Reproductive System

342

(7)

Reproductive System

343

(2)

Common Disorders of the Reproductive System

345

(1)

Dysmenorrhea

345

(1)

Vaginitis

345

(1)

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

345

(4)

Chlamydia

345

(1)

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

345

(1)

Nongonococcal Urethritis

346

(1)

Gonorrhea

346

(1)

Syphilis

346

(1)

Genital Herpes

346

(1)

Genital Warts

346

(1)

Prevention of STDs

346

(3)

Endocrine System and Diabetes

349

(14)

Endocrine System

350

(1)

Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyoridism

351

(1)

Diabetes Mellitus

351

(2)

Facts and Figures

352

(1)

Classifications

352

(1)

Signs and Symptoms

352

(1)

Testing

353

(1)

Procedure 73 Testing Blood

353

(10)

Emergency Treatment

354

(1)

Diet

355

(1)

Exercise

355

(1)

Drug Therapy

356

(1)

Long-Term Complications

357

(1)

Special Considerations for the Home Health Aide

357

(3)

Identification Tag

360

(3)

SECTION 6 Clients Requiring Special Care

363

(32)

Caring for the Client Who Is Terminally III

364

(8)

Hospice Program

365

(1)

Advance Directives

365

(1)

Stages of Grief

366

(2)

Home Health Aide Responsibilities in Caring for the Dying Client

367

(1)

Signs of Approaching Death

367

(1)

Religious and Cultural Influences

368

(4)

Caring for the Client With Alzheimer's Disease

372

(12)

Alzheimer's Disease

373

(2)

Stages of Dementia

373

(2)

Caring for the Client

375

(1)

Behavioral Considerations

375

(5)

Wandering

375

(4)

Hoarding

379

(1)

Pillaging

380

(1)

Repetitive Behaviors

380

(1)

Shadowing

380

(1)

Sundowning

380

(1)

Suspiciousness

380

(1)

Catastrophic Behavior

380

(1)

Interventions

380

(4)

Validation Therapy

380

(1)

Reminiscence

381

(1)

Habilitation

382

(1)

Reality Orientation

382

(2)

Caring for the Client With Cancer

384

(11)

Cancer

385

(1)

Cancer Treatments

386

(1)

Caring for a Client With Cancer

387

(1)

Cancer of the Female Reproductive System

388

(1)

Cancer of the Breast

388

(1)

Cancer of the Male Reproductive System

389

(1)

Cancer of the Respiratory System

390

(1)

Cancer of the Larynx

390

(1)

Gastrointestinal Cancer

391

(1)

Skin Cancer

391

(4)

SECTION 7 Maternal/Infant Care

395

(23)

Maternal Care

396

(9)

Discomforts of Pregnancy

397

(2)

Frequent Urination

397

(1)

Morning Sickness

398

(1)

Heartburn/Flatulence

398

(1)

Constipation/Hemorrhoids

398

(1)

Varicose Veins

398

(1)

Breathlessness

398

(1)

Backache

398

(1)

Leg Cramps

399

(1)

Edema

399

(1)

Vaginal Discharge

399

(1)

Complications of Pregnancy

399

(2)

High-Risk Pregnancies

399

(1)

Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy

400

(1)

Danger Signals

401

(1)

Caring for the Expectant Mother

401

(1)

Caring for the Postpartum Mother

401

(4)

Postpartum Discomforts

402

(1)

Nutrition and Breast-Feeding

403

(2)

Infant Care

405

(13)

Infant Care

406

(1)

Feeding the Infant

406

(1)

Breast-Feeding

406

(1)

Procedure 74 Assisting with Breast-Feeding and Breast Care

407

(1)

Bottle-Feeding

408

(1)

Burping the Infant

408

(1)

Caring for the Newborn Infant

408

(1)

Bathing an Infant

408

(1)

Procedure 75 Bottle-Feeding an Infant

409

(2)

Procedure 76 Burping an Infant

411

(2)

Procedure 77 Bathing an Infant

413

(5)

Care of the Penis

415

(1)

Care of the Umbilical Cord

416

(2)

SECTION 8 Employment

418

(8)

Job-Seeking Skills

419

(7)

Contacting Prospective Employers

420

(1)

The Job Interview, Application Form, and Job Offer

420

(6)

The Interview

420

(2)

The Application Form

422

(1)

The Job Offer

422

(4)

APPENDICES

426

(5)

Appendix A Emergency Procedure Guidelines

426

(3)

Appendix B Prefixes and Suffixes Commonly Used in Medical Terminology

429

(2)

Glossary

431

(15)

Index

446

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Homemaker Home Health Aide

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials