Grading Knowledge

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ISBN: 9783540669340 | 3540669345
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 1/1/2000

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Für die Probleme des planenden Ingenieurs werden die Elemente zur Lösung seiner Aufgaben genannt und in Aufbau und Funktion beschrieben. Es gibt einen Überblick über die wichtigen Grundlagen und Bauelemente und deren Eigenschaften, aus denen komplexe Systeme der Meßtechnik aufgebaut werden. Ein umfassendes Abkürzungsverzeichnis der Automatisierungstechnik rundet das Werk ab. Zum Leserkreis gehören Ingenieure aus Industrie, Planung, Entwicklung und Forschung sowie Hochschullehrer und Studenten.

Introduction	p. 1
Problems in Understanding Degree Expressions	p. 3
General Approach	p. 4
Overview	p. 5
ParseTalk - The System Context	p. 7
An Architecture for Text Knowledge Extraction	p. 8
Syntactic Analysis	p. 8
Dependency Grammar	p. 9
The ParseTalk Parser	p. 12
Conceptual System	p. 14
Description Logics	p. 15
Knowledge Base	p. 20
Semantic System	p. 23
Referring and Relating	p. 25
Centering	p. 26
Relation Path Patterns and Metonymy	p. 27
An Example Text	p. 28
Lexical Semantics of Degree Expressions	p. 31
Scales	p. 31
Critique on Ontological Models for Degree Expressions	p. 32
New Ontological Entities	p. 33
Gradable Adjectives	p. 36
Classification of Adjectives	p. 36
Figurative Language	p. 37
Multiple Word Senses	p. 40
Nominative vs. Normative Use	p. 41
Two Types of Comparison	p. 42
Non-adjectival Degree Expressions	p. 44
Summary	p. 45
Representation and Inferences	p. 47
Requirements on Modeling Degree Relations	p. 47
Linguistic Stipulations	p. 48
Stipulations from Vagueness	p. 48
Stipulations on Inferences	p. 51
The Challenge: Functions	p. 52
Binary Relations	p. 53
Representation	p. 53
Inferencing	p. 57
Soundness and Incompleteness	p. 59
Computational Complexity	p. 61
Non-binary Relations	p. 63
TCSPs and Allen's Calculus	p. 65
From Binary to Non-binary Relations	p. 66
A Formal Model of Generalized Temporal Networks (GTNs)	p. 68
Determining Consistency	p. 72
Computing the Minimal Network	p. 78
Scaling by Abstractions	p. 81
Scaling by Generalizations	p. 84
Related Work	p. 88
Related Work on Representing and Inferencing with Degree Expressions	p. 88
Related Work on Temporal and Spatial Reasoning	p. 94
Conclusion on Representation and Inferences	p. 96
Relative Comparisons	p. 99
Basic Model for Interpreting Relative Comparatives	p. 101
Comparative Interpretation as Semantic Copying	p. 101
Core Algorithm	p. 103
An Example of Semantic Interpretation	p. 105
Extension to Textual Phenomena	p. 106
Comparatives with Omitted Complements	p. 108
An Example for Omitted Complements	p. 109
Metonymies in the Complement	p. 110
Metonymic Entities in the Omitted Complement	p. 111
An Example for Metonymic Entities in the Omitted Complement	p. 112
Theoretical and Empirical Coverage	p. 114
Related Work	p. 116
Generative Linguistics	p. 116
Cognitive Foundations	p. 121
Computational Approaches	p. 122
Conclusion on Relative Comparisons	p. 126
Absolute Comparisons	p. 129
A Cognitive Framework for Absolute Comparisons	p. 130
Representing Comparison Classes	p. 132
Knowledge about Intercorrelations	p. 134
Computing Comparison Classes	p. 139
The Algorithm	p. 139
A Sample Computation	p. 141
Empirical Evaluation	p. 144
Related Work	p. 145
Conclusion on Absolute Comparisons	p. 147
Integration and Conclusion	p. 149
Integration	p. 149
(Comparison) Relations and Intercorrelations Revisited 150
Drawing the Lines between the Two Comparison Paradigms	p. 152
Relative Comparisons Meet Absolute Comparisons	p. 154
Comparison Classes Meet Inferences	p. 155
Further Research Issues	p. 157
Pragmatics	p. 157
Relative Comparisons and Analogy	p. 159
Further Norms of Expectation	p. 159
Conclusion	p. 160
List of Conventions	p. 165
The Entity-Relationship Model	p. 169
Auxiliary Proofs	p. 171
Proof of Optimization Lemma	p. 171
Proof of Clipping Lemma	p. 172
Efficiency of Constraint Propagation	p. 173
Bibliography	p. 175
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Grading Knowledge

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