The American Bureaucracy

THE AMERICAN BUREACRACY is well known and widely respected for presenting a fair, balanced, and concise treatment of the U.S. Bureaucracy. Its never-cynical approach to the history, trends, and future of the American Bureaucracy has won it very high regard. Thorough attention is given to the study of how the government works to provide a multitude of services and protection to the American people, and current literature, charts, and data are incorporated and synthesized into the text.

PREFACE

IX

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

XIII

1 THE AMERICAN PUBLIC BUREAUCRACY

1

(34)

Public Bureaucracy Defined

3

(1)

Some of Our Negative Ideas about Bureaucracy

4

(3)

Some Myths and Realities about U.S. Public Bureaucracy

7

(17)

What Is U.S. Public Bureaucracy?

24

(2)

Why Study American Public Bureaucracy?

26

(1)

How This Text Approaches American Public Bureaucracy

26

(3)

Summary of Key Points

29

(1)

Key Terms

29

(1)

Review Material

30

(1)

Notes

31

(1)

Further Reading

31

(3)

Web Sites

34

(1)

2 THE RISE OF AMERICAN BUREAUCRACY

35

(42)

The Growth and Emergence of Organized Functions of Government Bureaucracy

36

(30)

General Characteristics of the Rise of U.S. Bureaucracy: Gradualism, Experimentalism, Majoritarianism, and Complexity

66

(2)

Forms, Functions, Policies, and Processes of Contemporary U.S. Bureaucracy

68

(5)

Summary of Key Points

73

(1)

Key Terms

73

(1)

Review Material

74

(1)

Notes

75

(1)

Further Reading

75

(1)

Web Sites

76

(1)

3 EXTERNAL FORCES SHAPING MODERN BUREAUCRACY

77

(52)

The General Environment of American Public Bureaucracy: First-Level Inputs

80

(3)

Socioeconomic Factors: Second-Level Inputs

83

(8)

External Political Actors:Third-Level Inputs

91

(16)

Major Institutional Actors: Fourth-Level Inputs

107

(13)

Basic Patterns of Inputs Surrounding Bureaucracy

120

(4)

Summary of Key Points

124

(1)

Key Terms

125

(1)

Review Material

125

(1)

Notes

126

(1)

Further Reading

127

(1)

Web Sites

128

(1)

4 INSIDE PUBLIC BUREAUCRACY

129

(72)

The Political Appointee Subsystem: The Birds of Passage

131

(15)

The Professional Careerist Subsystem: Permanent Clusters of Powerful Experts

146

(11)

The General Civil Service Subsystem: Ladders of Bureaucractic Specialists, Generalists, and White Collar Workers

157

(14)

The Unionized Subsystem: Cadres of Workers Inside Bureaucracy

171

(9)

Contract Employment: The Newest, Fastest-Growing Bureaucratic Subsystem

180

(8)

Summary of Key Points

188

(7)

Key Terms

195

(1)

Review Material

195

(1)

Notes

196

(2)

Further Reading

198

(2)

Web Sites

200

(1)

5 OUTPUTS OF THE AMERICAN BUREAUCRACY

201

(54)

The Varieties of Bureaucratic Outputs in Government

204

(4)

Making Bureaucratic Outputs Happen

208

(2)

Problems with Generic Output Models for Understanding How Bureaucratic Purposes Are Achieved

210

(9)

Gamesmanship: The Reality of Making Bureaucratic Outputs Happen

219

(4)

Internal Resources for Gaining Organizational Cohesion and Cooperative Action

223

(11)

External Support for Bureaucratic Action: The "Windows of Opportunity"

234

(13)

Summary of Key Points

247

(1)

Key Terms

248

(2)

Review Material

250

(1)

Notes

251

(1)

Further Reading

252

(2)

Web Sites

254

(1)

6 THE FEEDBACK LOOP IN THE BUREAUCRATIC SYSTEM

255

(61)

Feedback Affecting Basic Bureaucratic Goals: Or, the Twelve Trends Transforming the Purposes Modern Bureaucracy

256

(16)

Feedback Affecting Public Bureaucratic Authority: Sources of Weakness versus Sources of Strength

272

(35)

Feedback Affecting Internal Operations: Critical Communications Networks within Public Agencies

307

(3)

The Feedback Loop in an Era of Dissensus: What is the Place of Bureaucracy within a Democracy?

310

(1)

Summary of Key Points

311

(1)

Key Terms

312

(1)

Review Material

312

(1)

Notes

313

(1)

Further Reading

314

(1)

Web Sites

315

(1)

7 THE FUTURE OF THE AMERICAN BUREAUCRATIC SYSTEM

316

(35)

Three Founding Fathers' Normative Models for Bureaucracy in a Democracy

317

(4)

Historic Patterns of Balancing Administrative Efficacy, Public Accountability, and Interest Group Demands

321

(11)

The Persisting Rivalry of the Three Value Traditions

332

(3)

Public Bureaucracy in America Tomorrow: The Necessity for Recognizing the Value of Trade-Offs

335

(7)

The Future of U.S. Public Bureaucracy as a Value Problem: The Worth of a Systems Perspective

342

(3)

Summary of Key Points

345

(1)

Key Terms

346

(1)

Review Material

346

(1)

Notes

347

(1)

Further Reading

348

(2)

Web Sites

350

(1)

INDEX

351

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The American Bureaucracy

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Table of Contents

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