Elementary Fluid Mechanics

, by Street, Robert L.; Watters, Gary Z.; Vennard, John K.

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ISBN: 9780471013105 | 0471013102
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 6/29/1995

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This edition retains the basic approach and style that has appealed to readers for over fifty years. The first half focuses on fundamental physical and analytical principles. The second half covers applications of those principles to flow in pipes and open channels, lift and drag, fluid machinery, and compressible flow. The final chapter is an introduction to an array of fluid measurements and the instruments for making them.

Fundamentals

(34)

The Scope of Fluid Mechanics

(1)

Historical Perspective

(1)

Physical Characteristics of the Fluid State

(3)

Units, Density, Specific Weight, Specific Volume, and Specific Gravity

(6)

Compressibility, Elasticity

(4)

Viscosity

(10)

Surface Tension, Capillarity

(3)

Vapor Pressure

(6)

References

(1)

Films

(1)

Problems

(4)

Fluid Statics

(56)

Pressure Variation with Elevation

(7)

Absolute and Gage Pressures

(3)

Manometry

(4)

Pressure Forces on Plane Surfaces

(8)

Pressure Forces on Curved Surfaces

(7)

Buoyancy and Stability of Floating Bodies

(4)

Fluid Masses Subjected to Acceleration

(23)

Problems

(15)

Kinematics of Fluid Motion

(16)

Steady and Unsteady Flow Streamlines, and Streamtubes

(3)

One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows---Streamlines and Flowfields

(2)

Velocity and Acceleration

(5)

Circulation, Vorticity, and Rotation

101

(6)

Films

105

(1)

Problems

105

(2)

Systems, Control Volumes, Conservation of Mass, and The Reynolds Transport Theorem

107

(18)

The System vis-a-vis the Control Volume

107

(1)

Conservation of Mass: The Continuity Equation---One-Dimensional Steady Flow

108

(5)

Conservation of Mass: The Continuity Equation---Two-Dimensional Steady Flow

113

(6)

The Reynolds Transport Theorem

119

(6)

Problems

122

(3)

Flow of an Incompressible Ideal Fluid

125

(64)

One-Dimensional Flow

126

(1)

Euler's Equation

126

(1)

Bernoulli's Equation with Energy and Hydraulic Grade Lines

127

(1)

The One-Dimensional Assumption for Streamtubes of Finite Cross Section

128

(2)

Applications of Bernoulli's Equation

130

(11)

The Work-Energy Equation

141

(5)

Two-Dimensional Flow

146

(1)

Euler's Equations

146

(2)

Bernoulli's Equation

148

(1)

Applications of Bernoulli's Equation

149

(13)

Stream Function and Velocity Potential

162

(27)

References

168

(1)

Films

168

(1)

Film Loops

169

(1)

Problems

169

(20)

The Impulse-Momentum Principle

189

(40)

Principles and Elementary Applications

190

(1)

The Linear Impulse-Momentum Equation

190

(2)

Pipe Flow Applications

192

(4)

Open Channel Flow Applications

196

(8)

The Angular Impulse-Momentum Principle

204

(3)

Flow Machines

207

(1)

Jet Propulsion

207

(3)

Propellers and Windmills

210

(5)

Rocket Propulsion

215

(14)

References

217

(1)

Problems

217

(12)

Flow of a Real Fluid

229

(62)

Qualitative Views

231

(1)

Laminar Flow and Turbulent Flow

231

(3)

Turbulent Flow and Eddy Viscosity

234

(5)

Fluid Flow Past Solid Boundaries

239

(2)

External Flows

241

(1)

Characteristics of the Boundary Layer

241

(6)

The Laminar Boundary Layer---Incompressible Flow

247

(3)

The Turbulent Boundary Layer---Incompressible Flow

250

(4)

Separation

254

(3)

Secondary Flow

257

(1)

Internal Flows

257

(1)

Flow Establishment---Boundary Layers

258

(1)

Shear Stress and Head Loss

259

(4)

The First Law of Thermodynamics and Shear Stress Effects

263

(5)

Velocity Distribution and Its Significance

268

(4)

Separation

272

(1)

Secondary Flow

273

(2)

The Navier-Stokes Equations for Incompressible Flow

274

(1)

Derivation of the Navier-Stokes Equations for Two-Dimensional Flow

275

(5)

Applications of the Navier-Stokes Equations

280

(11)

References

285

(1)

Films

285

(1)

Problems

285

(6)

Similitude, Dimensional Analysis, and Normalization of Equations of Motion

291

(32)

Similitude and Physical Models

293

(13)

Dimensional Analysis

306

(8)

Normalization of Equations

314

(9)

References

316

(1)

Films

317

(1)

Problems

317

(6)

Flow in Pipes

323

(110)

Steady Flow

323

(1)

Fundamental Equations

323

(2)

Laminar flow

325

(4)

Turbulent Flow---Smooth Pipes

329

(9)

Turbulent Flow---Rough Pipes

338

(2)

Classification of Smoothness and Roughness---Impact on Friction Factor

340

(4)

Pipe Friction Factors

344

(7)

Pipe Friction in Noncircular Pipes---The Hydraulic Radius

351

(2)

Pipe Friction---Empirical Formulas

353

(5)

Local Losses in Pipelines

358

(9)

Pipeline Problems---Single Pipes

367

(13)

Pipeline Problems---Multiple Pipes

380

(9)

Unsteady Flow

388

(1)

Unsteady Flow and Water Hammer in Pipelines

389

(3)

Rigid Water Column Theory

392

(8)

Elastic Theory (Water Hammer)

400

(33)

References

411

(1)

Films

412

(1)

Problems

412

(21)

Flow in Open Channels

433

(56)

Fundamentals

433

(2)

Uniform Flow---The Chezy Equation

435

(2)

The Chezy Coefficient and the Manning n

437

(4)

Uniform Laminar Flow

441

(1)

Hydraulic Radius Considerations

442

(5)

Specific Energy, Critical Depth, and Critical Slope---Wide Rectangular Channels

447

(9)

Specific Energy, Critical Depth, and Critical Slope---Nonrectangular Channels

456

(2)

Controls and the Occurrence of Critical Depth

458

(3)

The Hydraulic Jump

461

(1)

Varied Flow

462

(27)

References

476

(1)

Films

476

(1)

Problems

476

(13)

Lift and Drag---Incompressible Flow

489

(46)

Fundamentals

490

(1)

Definitions

490

(3)

Dimensional Analysis

493

(4)

Drag and Lift

497

(1)

Profile Drag

497

(6)

Lift and Circulation

503

(5)

Applications

506

(2)

Airfoils---Finite Length

508

(4)

Airfoils---Lift and Drag Diagrams

512

(3)

Some Aerodynamics of Baseballs

515

(3)

Forces on Structures

518

(7)

Some Aerodynamics of Road Vehicles

525

(10)

References

530

(1)

Film

531

(1)

Problems

531

(4)

Introduction to Fluid Machinery

535

(38)

Analysis and Characteristics of Turbomachines

535

(9)

Deflectors and Blades---The Impulse Turbine

544

(7)

Reaction Turbine and Centrifugal Pump

551

(7)

Practical Applications

558

(15)

References

566

(1)

Problems

566

(7)

Flow of Compressible Fluids

573

(54)

The Laws of Thermodynamics

574

(5)

One-Dimensional Ideal Flow

579

(1)

Euler's Equation and the Energy Equation

579

(2)

Integration of the Euler Equation

581

(2)

The Stagnation Point

583

(2)

The One-Dimensional Assumption

585

(1)

Subsonic and Supersonic Velocities

586

(1)

The Convergent Nozzle

586

(3)

Constriction in a Streamtube

589

(2)

The Convergent-Divergent Nozzle

591

(4)

Two-Dimensional Ideal Flow

594

(1)

Euler's Equations and Their Integration

595

(1)

Application of the Equations

596

(4)

Shock Waves

599

(1)

The Normal Shock Wave

600

(3)

The Oblique Shock Wave

603

(3)

Real Fluid Flow in Pipes

606

(1)

Pipe Friction

606

(2)

Isothermal Pipe Flow

608

(3)

Adiabatic Pipe Flow with Friction

611

(3)

Drag and Lift

613

(1)

The Mach Wave

614

(1)

Phenomena and Definitions

615

(2)

Drag

617

(3)

Lift

620

(7)

References

622

(1)

Films

623

(1)

Problems

623

(4)

Fluid Measurements

627

(58)

Fluid Properties Measurement

630

(1)

Density

630

(2)

Viscosity

632

(3)

Pressure Measurement

635

(1)

Static Pressure

635

(2)

Surface Elevation

637

(2)

Stagnation Pressure

639

(1)

Velocity Measurement

640

(1)

Pitot-Static Tube---Incompressible Flow

640

(3)

Pitot-Static Tube---Compressible Flow

643

(2)

Mechanical Anemometers and Current Meters

645

(2)

Hot-Wire, Hot-Film, Sonic, and Laser-Doppler Anemometers

647

(5)

Shear Measurement

652

(1)

Shear Determined By Inference

652

(1)

Wall Probes

652

(2)

Flowrate Measurement

654

(1)

Venturi Meters

654

(3)

Nozzles

657

(2)

Orifices

659

(6)

Elbow Meters

665

(1)

Weirs

666

(7)

Current-Meter Measurements

673

(12)

References

675

(1)

Films

675

(1)

Problems

676

(9)

APPENDIX 1 SYMBOLS, UNITS, AND DIMENSIONS

685

(4)

APPENDIX 2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

689

(8)

APPENDIX 3 PROPERTIES OF AREAS AND VOLUMES

697

(2)

APPENDIX 4 CAVITATION

699

(6)

References

703

(1)

Film

703

(2)

APPENDIX 5 THE EXPANSION FACTOR, Y

705

(2)

APPENDIX 6 BASIC MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS

707

(6)

References

711

(2)

APPENDIX 7 COMPUTER PROGRAMS

713

(28)

APPENDIX 8 ANSWERS TO SELECTED EVEN-NUMBERED PROBLEMS

741

(10)

Index

751

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Elementary Fluid Mechanics

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials