Fundamentals of Biological Wastewater Treatment

, by Wiesmann, Udo; Choi, In Su; Dombrowski, Eva-Maria

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ISBN: 9783527312191 | 3527312196
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/15/2006

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This concise introduction to the fundamentals of biological treatment of wastewater describes how to model and integrate biological steps into industrial processes.The book first covers the chemical, physical and biological basics, including wastewater characteristics, microbial metabolism, determining stoichiometric equations for catabolism and anabolism, measurements of mass transfer and respiration rates and the aerobic treatment of wastewater loaded with dissolved organics. It the moves on to deal with such applications and technologies as nitrogen and phosphorus removal, membrane technology, the assessment and selection of aeration systems, simple models for biofilm reactors and the modeling of activated sludge processes. A final section looks at the processing of water and the treatment of wastewater integrated into the production process.Essential reading for chemists, engineers, microbiologists, environmental officers, agencies and consultants, in both academia and industry.

Preface

xiii

List of Symbols and Abbreviations

xvii

Historical Development of Wastewater Collection and Treatment

(24)

Water Supply and Wastewater Management in Antiquity

(3)

Water Supply and Wastewater Management in the Medieval Age

(3)

First Studies in Microbiology

(4)

Wastewater Management by Direct Discharge into Soil and Bodies of Water -- The First Studies

(1)

Mineralization of Organics in Rivers, Soils or by Experiment -- A Chemical or Biological Process?

(2)

Early Biological Wastewater Treatment Processes

(2)

The Cholera Epidemics -- Were They Caused by Bacteria Living in the Soil or Water?

(1)

Early Experiments with the Activated Sludge Process

(2)

Taking Samples and Measuring Pollutants

(1)

Early Regulations for the Control of Wastewater Discharge

(6)

References

(5)

Wastewater Characterization and Regulations

(18)

Volumetric Wastewater Production and Daily Changes

(2)

Pollutants

(7)

Survey

(1)

Dissolved Substances

(1)

Organic Substances

(2)

Inorganic Substances

(2)

Colloids

(1)

Oil-In-Water Emulsions

(1)

Solid-In-Water Colloids

(1)

Suspended Solids

(1)

Methods for Measuring Dissolved Organic Substances as Total Parameters

(4)

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

(2)

Chemical Oxygen Demand

(1)

Total and Dissolved Organic Carbon

(1)

Legislation

(5)

Preface

(1)

German Legislation

(1)

Legislation Concerning Discharge into Public Sewers

(1)

Legislation Concerning Discharge into Waters

(2)

EU Guidelines

(1)

References

(1)

Microbial Metabolism

(26)

Some Remarks on the Composition and Morphology of Bacteria (Eubacteria)

(2)

Proteins and Nucleic Acids

(14)

Proteins

(1)

Amino Acids

(1)

Structure of Proteins

(1)

Proteins for Special Purposes

(1)

Enzymes

(3)

Nucleic Acids

(1)

Desoxyribonucleic Acid

(4)

Ribonucleic Acid

(3)

DNA Replication

(1)

Mutations

(1)

Catabolism and Anabolism

(10)

ADP and ATP

(1)

Transport of Protons

(1)

Catabolism of Using Glucose

(1)

Aerobic Conversion by Prokaryotic Cells

(5)

Anaerobic Conversion by Prokaryotic Cells

(1)

Anabolism

(1)

References

(2)

Determination of Stoichiometric Equations for Catabolism and Anabolism

(14)

Introduction

(1)

Aerobic Degradation of Organic Substances

(6)

Degradation of Hydrocarbons Without Bacterial Decay

(1)

Mineralization of 2,4-Dinitrophenol

(3)

Degradation of Hydrocarbons with Bacterial Decay

(2)

Measurement of O2 Consumption Rate ro,s and CO2 Production Rate rco,s

(7)

Problems

(3)

References

(2)

Gas/Liquid Oxygen Transfer and Stripping

(36)

Transport by Diffusion

(3)

Mass Transfer Coefficients

(4)

Definition of Specific Mass Transfer Coefficients

(1)

Two Film Theory

(3)

Measurement of Specific Overall Mass Transfer Coefficients KLa

(5)

Absorption of Oxygen During Aeration

(1)

Steady State Method

(1)

Non-steady State Method

(1)

Dynamic Method in Wastewater Mixed with Activated Sludge

(1)

Desorption of Volatile Components During Aeration

(2)

Oxygen Transfer Rate, Energy Consumption and Efficiency in Large-scale Plants

(13)

Surface Aeration

(1)

Oxygen Transfer Rate

(1)

Power Consumption and Efficiency

(2)

Deep Tank Aeration

(1)

Preliminary Remarks

(1)

The Simple Plug Flow Model

(2)

Proposed Model of the American Society of Civil Engineers

101

(2)

Further Models

103

(1)

Oxygen Transfer Rate

103

(3)

Power Consumption and Efficiency

106

(1)

Monitoring of Deep Tanks

106

(2)

Dimensional Analysis and Transfer of Models

108

(11)

Introduction

108

(1)

Power Consumption of a Stirred, Non-aerated Tank -- A Simple Example

109

(3)

Description of Oxygen Transfer, Power Consumption and Efficiency by Surface Aerators Using Dimensionless Numbers

112

(1)

Application of Dimensionless Numbers for Surface Aeration

113

(2)

Problem

115

(2)

References

117

(2)

Aerobic Wastewater Treatment in Activated Sludge Systems

119

(32)

Introduction

119

(1)

Kinetic and Reaction Engineering Models With and Without Oxygen Limitation

119

(19)

Batch Reactors

119

(1)

With High Initial Concentration of Bacteria

119

(3)

With Low Initial Concentration of Bacteria

122

(1)

Chemostat

122

(3)

Completely Mixed Activated Sludge Reactor

125

(1)

Preliminary Remarks

125

(1)

Mean Retention Time, Recycle Ratio and Thickening Ratio as Process Parameters

126

(2)

Sludge Age as Parameter

128

(2)

Plug Flow Reactor

130

(2)

Completely Mixed Tank Cascades With Sludge Recycle

132

(2)

Flow Reactor With Axial Dispersion

134

(2)

Stoichiometric and Kinetic Coefficients

136

(1)

Comparison of Reactors

137

(1)

Retention Time Distribution in Activated Sludge Reactors

138

(6)

Retention Time Distribution

138

(2)

Completely Mixed Tank

140

(1)

Completely Mixed Tank Cascade

140

(1)

Tube Flow Reactor With Axial Dispersion

141

(1)

Comparison Between Tank Cascades and Tube Flow Reactors

142

(2)

Technical Scale Activated Sludge Systems for Carbon Removal

144

(7)

Problems

146

(3)

References

149

(2)

Aerobic Treatment with Biofilm Systems

151

(18)

Biofilms

151

(1)

Biofilm Reactors for Wastewater Treatment

152

(6)

Trickling Filters

152

(2)

Submerged and Aerated Fixed Bed Reactors

154

(2)

Rotating Disc Reactors

156

(2)

Mechanisms for Oxygen Mass Transfer in Biofilm Systems

158

(1)

Models for Oxygen Mass Transfer Rates in Biofilm Systems

159

(10)

Assumptions

159

(1)

Mass Transfer Gas/Liquid is Rate-limiting

159

(1)

Mass Transfer Liquid/Solid is Rate-limiting

160

(1)

Biological Reaction is Rate-limiting

160

(1)

Diffusion and Reaction Inside the Biofilm

160

(3)

Influence of Diffusion and Reaction Inside the Biofilm and of Mass Transfer Liquid/Solid

163

(1)

Influence of Mass Transfer Rates at Gas Bubble and Biofilm Surfaces

164

(1)

Problems

164

(2)

References

166

(3)

Anaerobic Degradation of Organics

169

(26)

Catabolic Reactions -- Cooperation of Different Groups of Bacteria

169

(7)

Survey

169

(1)

Anaerobic Bacteria

169

(1)

Acidogenic Bacteria

169

(2)

Acetogenic Bacteria

171

(1)

Methanogenic Bacteria

171

(2)

Regulation of Acetogenics by Methanogenics

173

(2)

Sulfate and Nitrate Reduction

175

(1)

Kinetics -- Models and Coefficients

176

(6)

Preface

176

(1)

Hydrolysis and Formation of Lower Fatty Acids by Acidogenic Bacteria

176

(1)

Transformation of Lower Fatty Acids by Acetogenic Bacteria

177

(2)

Transformation of Acetate and Hydrogen into Methane

179

(1)

Conclusions

180

(2)

Catabolism and Anabolism

182

(2)

High-rate Processes

184

(11)

Introduction

184

(1)

Contact Processes

185

(2)

Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket

187

(1)

Anaerobic Fixed Bed Reactor

188

(2)

Anaerobic Rotating Disc Reactor

190

(1)

Anaerobic Expanded and Fluidized Bed Reactors

191

(1)

Problem

192

(1)

References

193

(2)

Biodegradation of Special Organic Compounds

195

(28)

Introduction

195

(1)

Chlorinated Compounds

196

(8)

Chlorinated n-Alkanes, Particularly Dichloromethane and 1,2-Dichloroethane

196

(1)

Properties, Use, Environmental Problems and Kinetics

196

(2)

Treatment of Wastewater Containing DCM or DCA

198

(2)

Chlorobenzene

200

(1)

Properties, Use and Environmental Problems

200

(1)

Principles of Biological Degradation

200

(2)

Treatment of Wastewater Containing Chlorobenzenes

202

(1)

Chlorophenols

203

(1)

Nitroaromatics

204

(2)

Properties, Use, Environmental Problems and Kinetics

204

(2)

Treatment of Wastewater Containing 4-NP or 2,4-DNT

206

(1)

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Mineral Oils

206

(5)

Properties, Use and Environmental Problems

206

(1)

Mineral Oils

207

(2)

Biodegradation of PAHs

209

(1)

PAHs Dissolved in Water

209

(2)

PAHs Dissolved in n-Dodecane Standard Emulsion

211

(1)

Azo Reactive Dyes

211

(6)

Properties, Use and Environmental Problems

211

(2)

Production of Azo Dyes in the Chemical Industry -- Biodegradability of Naphthalene Sulfonic Acids

213

(2)

Biodegradation of Azo Dyes

215

(1)

Direct Aerobic Degradation

215

(1)

Anaerobic Reduction of Azo Dyes

215

(1)

Aerobic Degradation of Metabolites

216

(1)

Treatment of Wastewater Containing the Azo Dye Reactive Black 5

216

(1)

Final Remarks

217

(6)

References

218

(5)

Biological Nutrient Removal

223

(44)

Introduction

223

(4)

Biological Nitrogen Removal

227

(17)

The Nitrogen Cycle and the Technical Removal Process

227

(1)

Nitrification

228

(1)

Nitrifying Bacteria and Stoichiometry

228

(3)

Stoichiometry and Kinetics of Nitrification

231

(4)

Parameters Influencing Nitrification

235

(2)

Denitrification

237

(1)

Denitrifying Bacteria and Stoichiometry

237

(2)

Stoichiometry and Kinetics of Denitrification

239

(1)

Parameters Influencing Denitrification

240

(2)

Nitrite Accumulation During Nitrification

242

(1)

New Microbial Processes for Nitrogen Removal

243

(1)

Biological Phosphorus Removal

244

(6)

Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal

244

(1)

Kinetic Model for Biological Phosphorus Removal

245

(1)

Preliminary Remarks

245

(1)

Anaerobic Zone

246

(1)

Aerobic Zone

247

(1)

Results of a Batch Experiment

248

(1)

Parameters Affecting Biological Phosphorus Removal

249

(1)

Biological Nutrient Removal Processes

250

(7)

Preliminary Remarks

250

(1)

Nitrogen Removal Processes

250

(2)

Chemical and Biological Phosphorus Removal

252

(1)

Processes for Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal

253

(1)

Different Levels of Performance

253

(2)

WWTP Waßmannsdorf

255

(2)

Membrane Bioreactors (MBR)

257

(1)

Phosphorus and Nitrogen Recycle

257

(10)

Recycling of Phosphorus

257

(1)

Recycling of Nitrogen

258

(1)

Problems

259

(3)

References

262

(5)

Modelling of the Activated Sludge Process

267

(24)

Why We Need Mathematical Models

267

(1)

Models Describing Carbon and Nitrogen Removal

268

(3)

Carbon Removal

268

(1)

Carbon Removal and Bacterial Decay

269

(1)

Carbon Removal and Nitrification Without Bacterial Decay

270

(1)

Models for Optimizing the Activated Sludge Process

271

(20)

Preface

271

(1)

Modelling the Influence of Aeration on Carbon Removal

272

(3)

Activated Sludge Model 1 (ASM 1)

275

(8)

Application of ASM 1

283

(2)

More Complicated Models and Conclusions

285

(1)

Problems

286

(2)

References

288

(3)

Membrane Technology in Biological Wastewater Treatment

291

(40)

Introduction

291

(2)

Mass Transport Mechanism

293

(8)

Membrane Characteristics and Definitions

293

(3)

Mass Transport Through Non-porous Membranes

296

(4)

Mass Transport Through Porous Membranes

300

(1)

Mass Transfer Resistance Mechanisms

301

(7)

Preface

301

(1)

Mass Transfer Resistances

302

(1)

Concentration Polarization Model

303

(3)

Solution--diffusion Model and Concentration Polarization

306

(2)

The Pore Model and Concentration Polarization

308

(1)

Performance and Module Design

308

(10)

Membrane Materials

308

(1)

Design and Configuration of Membrane Modules

309

(1)

Preliminary Remarks

309

(4)

Dead-end Configuration

313

(1)

Submerged Configuration

314

(1)

Cross-flow Configuration

314

(1)

Membrane Fouling and Cleaning Management

315

(1)

Types of Fouling Processes

315

(1)

Membrane Cleaning Strategies

316

(2)

Membrane Bioreactors

318

(13)

Final Treatment (Behind the Secondary Clarifier)

318

(1)

Membrane Bioreactors in Aerobic Wastewater Treatment

319

(4)

Membrane Bioreactors and Nutrient Removal

323

(1)

Problems

324

(3)

References

327

(4)

Production Integrated Water Management and Decentralized Effluent Treatment

331

(24)

Introduction

331

(2)

Production Integrated Water Management in the Chemical Industry

333

(13)

Sustainable Development and Process Optimization

333

(1)

Primary Points of View

333

(1)

Material Flow Management

334

(2)

Production of Naphthalenedisufonic Acid

336

(2)

Methodology of Process Improvement

338

(1)

Minimization of Fresh Water Use

339

(1)

Description of the Problem

339

(1)

The Concentration/Mass Flow Rate Diagram and the Graphical Solution

340

(4)

The Network Design Method

344

(2)

Decentralized Effluent Treatment

346

(9)

Minimization of Treated Wastewater

346

(1)

Description of the Problem

346

(1)

Representation of Treatment Processes in a Concentration/Mass Flow Rate Diagram

347

(2)

The Lowest Wastewater Flow Rate to Treat

349

(1)

Processes for Decentralized Effluent Treatment

349

(1)

Problems

350

(4)

References

354

(1)

Subject Index

355

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Fundamentals of Biological Wastewater Treatment

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials