Confronting and Reducing Sexism Creating Interventions that Work

This special issue brings together and promotes research, theory, and policy on confronting and reducing sexism. The first section on "Confronting Sexism" presents articles that identify key aspects of situations and of individuals that are associated with confronting, and highlight variables that moderate the target's and ally's confronting behavior. The second section on "Interventions for Reducing Sexism" presents articles that examine optimal ways to reduce sexism, identify factors that affect the efficacy of interventions, and highlight structural and cultural influences that bolster sexism and prevent the acceptance of interventions.

Julia Becker is a professor of social psychology at the University of Osnabrueck (Germany). Her research focuses on ways to explain why disadvantaged group members tolerate societal systems that produce social and economic inequality and how legitimizing ideologies (such as sexism) help to maintain unequal status relations. Building on this, she is interested in people's motivation in activism for social change.

Matthew J. Zawadzki is a post-doctoral scholar in the Department of Biobehavioral Health at The Pennsylvania State University. His research investigates how psychological processes affect health with a focus on creating, testing, and implementing interventions to improve well-being.

Stephanie A. Shields is Professor of Psychology and Women's Studies at The Pennsylvania State. Her research is at the intersection of human emotion, gender, and feminist psychology. Her current work focuses on development and testing of WAGES, perception of emotion regulation in others, and theoretical and methodological issues relevant to applying intersectionality theory in psychological research.

INTRODUCTION
Confronting and Reducing Sexism: A Call for Research on Intervention
Julia C. Becker, Matthew J. Zawadzki, and Stephanie A. Shields  603

SECTION I: CONFRONTING SEXISM
Do You Say Something When It’s Your Boss? The Role of Perpetrator Power in Prejudice Confrontation
Leslie Ashburn-Nardo, John C. Blanchar, Jessica Petersson, Kathryn A. Morris, and Stephanie A. Goodwin  615

Allies against Sexism: The Role of Men in Confronting Sexism
Benjamin J. Drury and Cheryl R. Kaiser  637

Confronting Sexism as Persuasion: Effects of a Confrontation’s Recipient, Source, Message, and Context
Sarah J. Gervais and Amy L. Hillard  653

Ways to Go: Men’s and Women’s Support for Aggressive and Nonaggressive Confrontation of Sexism as a Function of Gender Identification
Julia C. Becker and Manuela Barreto  668

A Review of Organizational Strategies for Reducing Sexual Harassment: Insights from the U. S. Military
NiCole T. Buchanan, Isis H. Settles, Angela T. Hall, and Rachel C. O’Connor  687

SECTION II: INTERVENTIONS FOR REDUCING SEXISM
Using Experiential Learning to Increase the Recognition of Everyday Sexism as Harmful: The WAGES Intervention
Jessica L. Cundiff, Matthew J. Zawadzki, Cinnamon L. Danube, and Stephanie A. Shields  703

Reflecting on Heterosexual and Male Privilege: Interventions to Raise Awareness
Kim A. Case, Rachel Hensley, and Amber Anderson  722

From Sex to Gender: A University Intervention to Reduce Sexism in Argentina, Spain, and El Salvador
Soledad de Lemus, Laura Navarro, Marta Velasquez, Estrella Ryan, and Jesus L. Megýas  741

Sanctioning and Stimulating Resistance to Sexual Objectification: An Integrative System-justification Perspective
Rachel M. Calogero and Tracy L. Tylka  763

SECTION III: COMMENTARY
Commentary: Encouraging Confrontation  779

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