Academic Transformation

, by Clark, Ian D.; Moran, Greg; Skolnik, Michael L.; Trick, David

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ISBN: 9781553392651 | 1553392655
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/15/2009

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The large scale publicly funded system of postsecondary education in Ontario developed in the 1960s has been largely successful in fulfilling important societal needs in the areas of education, human resource development, and research. Existing approaches, however, are unlikely to be sufficient to address the challenges of the coming decade.The Transformation of Ontario's Postsecondary Education Systemexamines the developments that are re-shaping the province's postsecondary system, including higher enrolments, further development of a knowledge-based economy, increased demands for research focused on competitiveness and productivity, and Ontario's transition to a multicultural, internationally connected, urban, and aged society. Universities and colleges are also adjusting to internal changes in the composition of the student body and staff, faculty work profiles, and funding arrangements. The authors consider possible changes in the system's structure, policy, and governance that may be helpful in dealing with the anticipated changes in societal needs, and expectations related to postsecondary education.

Acknowledgements	p. ix
Introduction	p. 1
Transformationà and the Need for Further Transformation	p. 7
Some Factors that have Shaped the System	p. 8
Increasing Emphasis on Research	p. 11
Consequences	p. 13
The Broader Context for Rethinking Ontario's Approach to the Provision of Baccalaureate-Level Education	p. 17
Democratization	p. 17
Globalization	p. 18
Serving Society	p. 20
The Challenge of Access	p. 23
Moving from an Elite System to a Near-universal System	p. 23
The Coming Boom in Enrolments	p. 25
Supply or Over-supply?	p. 28
The New Students	p. 30
Family income and parental education	p. 31
Students from immigrant families	p. 33
Aboriginal students	p. 36
Gender issues	p. 37
Historical Responses to Demands for Greater Access	p. 37
The early baby boom expansion, mid-1950s to early 1970s	p. 38
The growth in university enrolments from 1986 to 1992	p. 39
Growth in college enrolments from 1980 to 1984 and from 1989 to 1993	p. 40
The double cohort, 2002 to 2007	p. 41
Responding to demands from employers	p. 42
What Patterns Can We Observe?	p. 43
Government commitment to access and equality	p. 43
Aversion to system planning	p. 43
Institutional behaviour	p. 45
What is Different this Time?	p. 46
Knowledge Production: The Challenge of Contributing to Productivity, Competitiveness, and Sustainability	p. 49
Higher Education and Increased Productivity and Competitiveness	p. 50
Responding to Demands for Knowledge Creation: The Emergence of a New Paradigm for University Research	p. 52
Universities and knowledge creation	p. 52
The conceptual rationale of the new strategy	p. 57
Expanding graduate programs	p. 60
Colleges and applied research	p. 63
Challenges Emerging from the New Knowledge Production Model	p. 64
The threat of institutional and individual overcommitment	p. 64
The consequences of the new research paradigm for disciplines outside of its focus	p. 69
With application comes commercialization	p. 72
Change is hard-the academy adjusts to the evolution of universities and colleges	p. 73
Some cautions regarding an uncritical advocacy of service to the knowledge economy and wealth-generation	p. 75
Concluding Thoughts on Knowledge Production	p. 76
Financial Pressures and the Transformation of the Professoriate	p. 79
How has Post-secondary Funding Changed over Time?	p. 80
The Federal Government's Role	p. 84
Government Purposes and Funding Formulas	p. 87
Universities	p. 87
Colleges	p. 90
The Relationship of Funding to Costs	p. 91
Inflation and compensation costs	p. 92
Other cost drivers	p. 94
The costs of complexity and competition	p. 95
Consequence: No choice but to grow	p. 97
The Professoriate Transformed	p. 98
Full-time faculty, teaching, and research	p. 98
Temporary and part-time faculty: From the margins to the centre	p. 101
Costs of full-time vs. part-time faculty: A hypothetical model	p. 103
The impact of teaching loads on class size	p. 106
The retreat of the teacher-researcher model	p. 107
Colleges: The sustainability challenge	p. 109
The Impact of the Global Economic Recession	p. 111
Decreasing institutional revenues	p. 111
Increasing institutional costs	p. 111
Shifting enrolment pressures	p. 112
Student aid	p. 112
Implications for government	p. 112
The Impact of Quality and Accountability Measures on System Responsiveness	p. 113
The Emergence of Quality and Accountability Discourses and Practices	p. 114
The Concept of Quality in Higher Education and the Practice of Quality Assessment	p. 115
Accountability, Quality Assurance, and Accreditation Practices in Ontario	p. 121
NSSE Results for Ontario Universities	p. 124
The Use of Performance Indicators	p. 125
The Influence of Performance Assessment on the Behaviour of Post-secondary Institutions	p. 128
Values emphasized in quality assurance processes	p. 128
Values reflected in performance indicators	p. 132
Summary	p. 136
The Design of Ontario's System of Post-secondary Education	p. 137
The Design of Post-secondary Education Systems	p. 138
Examples of Modifications in System Design in Other Jurisdictions	p. 142
The National Context of Ontario Post-secondary Education	p. 145
The Design of Ontario's Post-secondary Education System	p. 146
Institutions other than Ontario publicly assisted universities and colleges providing post-secondary education in the province	p. 146
Ontario's binary structure of publicly assisted post-secondary education institutions	p. 148
The University Sector	p. 148
The College Sector	p. 152
The Relationship between Post-secondary Sectors	p. 156
The revolution in the organization of nursing education: An example of college/university cooperation	p. 163
Provincial Planning and Coordination of Post-secondary Education	p. 168
Issues in the Present Design that Warrant Consideration	p. 171
An expensive model for undergraduate education	p. 172
Quality may depend upon diversity in the provision of undergraduate education	p. 172
Increasing accessibility may depend upon diversity in the provision of undergraduate education	p. 173
Absence of pathways for human resource development	p. 173
Dispersal of resources for advanced study and research	p. 173
Institutional differentiation in the college sector	p. 174
Summary	p. 174
Conclusions and Implications for the Future	p. 175
Autonomy and Efficiency Considerations in System Reform	p. 176
Individual freedom and institutional autonomy	p. 176
Efficiency and innovation	p. 177
Financial incentives and system reform	p. 179
Characteristics of an Ideal Post-secondary System for Ontario	p. 180
A New Teaching-focused University Sector	p. 181
A Three-year Undergraduate Degree	p. 186
A Comprehensive Approach to Funding	p. 187
Fostering Increased Efficiency and Effectiveness in the University Sector	p. 190
Balance and Differentiation in the College Sector	p. 194
Improving Opportunities for College to University Transfer	p. 196
An Open University for Ontario	p. 198
Rethinking the Idea of Quality in Higher Education	p. 199
Responsibility for Leadership and Direction of the Higher Education System	p. 201
Glossary of Acronyms and Terms	p. 205
Chronology of Key Events in Ontario Higher Education, 1950-2009	p. 213
Universities and Colleges in Ontario, 2009	p. 217
References	p. 221
About the Authors	p. 235
Index	p. 237
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