Acid Atmospheric Deposition and Its Effects

The book begins with an overview of the research topics which were addressed in the three different phases of the Dutch Priority Program on Acidification (DPPA), executed between 1985 and 1994. This chapter is followed by a chapter which deals with the emissions of acidifying substances, the concentrations and the deposition to forest and nature conservation areas. Prognoses are given for the acid deposition in 2000 and 2010; the deposition in the countries surrounding the Netherlands is also mentioned. The differences in the results of the DPPA-II are analysed.The third chapter deals with the effects of exposure and load on forests. The chapter moves from small-scale to large-scale: first the effects in laboratory-scale studies are described, then the effects in the field, both at stand level and on a regional scale. In addition, the critical thresholds (critical level of concentration and critical load of deposition) are discussed.The fourth chapter covers terrestrial ecosystems (or parts thereof) as well as weakly buffered surface waters, springs and other streams. Critical levels and loads are also discussed. The most important results are given in chapter 5.In the appendices of the book, so-called umbrella theme reports on deposition, stand modelling and effects on forests are presented which describe in more detail the scientific work performed in the third phase of the DPPA.This book will be of interest to anyone involved in research related to acidification and eutrophication; i.e., not only those who perform the research in the causal chain from emissions to effects, but also policy-makers and students.

Foreword

3

(2)

Abridged summary

5

(8)

1 Introduction

13

(8)

G. J. Heij (RIVM)

1.1 The first two phases of the Dutch Priority Programme on Acidification (DPPA)

13

(1)

1.2 The third phase of the DPPA

14

(3)

1.3 Organizational and financial aspects of DPPA-III

17

(1)

1.4 The content of the final report

18

(1)

1.5 References

19

(2)

2 Emission, concentration and deposition of acidifying substances

21

(62)

J. W. Erisman

A. Bleeker (RIVM)

2.1 Introduction

21

(5)

2.1.1 Concepts and processes

22

(3)

2.1.2 Research performed in the context of DPPA-III

25

(1)

2.2 Emissions

26

(4)

2.3 Concentrations

30

(9)

2.4 Depositions

39

(17)

2.4.1 Acidifying component loads in The Netherlands

40

(8)

2.4.2 Deposition in 2000 and 2010

48

(2)

2.4.3 Deposition of base cations in The Netherlands

50

(3)

2.4.4 Differences between results in DPPA-II and DPPA-III

53

(3)

2.5 Source contributions and origin of the deposition

56

(3)

2.6 Relation between atmospheric deposition and throughfall

59

(1)

2.7 Uncertainities

60

(5)

2.8 Deposition originating from natural sources and comparison of the Dutch situation with other European countries

65

(4)

2.9 Conclusions and gaps in current knowledge

69

(2)

2.10 References

71

(5)

Appendix A Foreign emissions in 1993

76

(2)

Appendix B Loads per acidification area

78

(5)

3 Effects on forest ecosystems

83

(46)

L. J. van der Eerden (AB-DLO)

W. de Vries (SC-DLO)

P. H. B. de Visser (LUW)

H. F. van Dobben

E. G. Steingrover (IBN-DLO)

T. A. Dueck (AB-DLO)

J. J. M. van Grinsven (RIVM)

G. M. J. Mohren (IBN-DLO)

A. W. Boxman

J. G. M. Roelofs (KUN)

J. Graveland (IBN-DLO)

3.1 Introduction

83

(2)

3.2 Laboratory-scale manipulation experiments

85

(2)

3.3 Effects at stand scale

87

(13)

3.3.1 Introduction

87

(1)

3.3.2 Field monitoring

88

(3)

3.3.3 Experimental manipulation

91

(2)

3.3.4 Modelling and scenario analysis

93

(7)

3.4 Effects at regional scale

100

(8)

3.4.1 Introduction

100

(1)

3.4.2 Soil moisture chemistry

101

(3)

3.4.3 Groundwater chemistry

104

(2)

3.4.4 Foliar chemical composition

106

(1)

3.4.5 Leaf and needle loss

107

(1)

3.5 Effects on other biotic components of the forest ecosystem

108

(6)

3.5.1 Forest undergrowth

109

(2)

3.5.2 Epiphytic lichens

111

(1)

3.5.3 Birds and snails

112

(2)

3.6 Critical levels and critical loads

114

(3)

3.7 Discussion

117

(5)

3.8 Conclusions

122

(2)

3.9 References

124

(5)

4 Effects of atmospheric deposition on non-forest ecosystems in The Netherlands

129

(30)

R. Bobbink

J. G. M. Roelofs (KUN)

J. M. Verstraten (UvA)

4.1 Introduction

129

(1)

4.2 Terrestrial ecosystems

130

(18)

4.2.1 Heathlands

130

(3)

4.2.2 Nutrient-poor acidic grasslands (Nardo-Galion grasslands)

133

(3)

4.2.3 Dunes

136

(1)

4.2.3.1 Introduction

136

(2)

4.2.3.2 Total atmospheric deposition and acid load

138

(2)

4.2.3.3 Soil acidification

140

(4)

4.2.3.4 References

144

(1)

4.2.4 Chalk grasslands

144

(4)

4.3 Aquatic ecosystems

148

(5)

4.3.1 Weakly buffered surface waters

148

(3)

4.3.2 Streams and springs

151

(2)

4.4 Critical loads

153

(3)

4.5 References

156

(3)

5 Summary and conclusions

159

(22)

G. J. Heij (RIVM)

5.1 Trends in emissions, concentrations and depositions

159

(7)

5.1.1 Emissions

159

(1)

5.1.2 Concentrations

160

(1)

5.1.3 Deposition

160

(2)

5.1.4 Throughfall deposition

162

(1)

5.1.5 Source contributions (sectors) and origin of the deposition (countries)

163

(1)

5.1.6 Figures on import and export of emissions

163

(1)

5.1.7 Deposition in 2000 and 2010

164

(1)

5.1.8 Uncertainty and gaps in knowledge

164

(2)

5.2 Effects on forest ecosystems

166

(8)

5.2.1 Critical loads and critical levels; exceedances

166

(4)

5.2.2 Effects

170

(1)

5.2.2.1 Direct effects

170

(1)

5.2.2.2 Effects on the chemical composition of soil, groundwater and needles

170

(2)

5.2.2.3 Effects on biotic parts of the forest ecosystem

172

(1)

5.2.2.4 Effects on tree vitality: stand modelling

172

(1)

5.2.3 Scenario analysis: recovery

173

(1)

5.3 Effects on non-forest ecosystems

174

(3)

5.3.1 Critical loads

174

(2)

5.3.2 Effects

176

(1)

5.4 Curative measures

177

(1)

5.5 Evaluation and synthesis

178

(3)

Appendix 1 Project reports published in the context of DPPA-III

181

(12)

Appendix 2 General conclusions and recommendations review report

193

(4)

Appendix 3 Composition of Steering Group for the Acidification Programme and DPPA-III Project Group

197

(6)

Annex 1 Thematic reports

203

(1)

Atmospheric input

203

(154)

J. W. Erisman, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven

Thematic report on effects (with special emphasis on combination stress)

357

L. J. van der Eerden

T. Dueck, Research Institute for Agrobiology and Soil Fertility, Wageningen

W. de Vries, Winand Staring Centre, Wageningen

P. de Visser, Agricultural University Wageningen

What is included with this book?

The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

FREE SHIPPING

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Acid Atmospheric Deposition and Its Effects on Terrestrial Ecosystems in the Netherlands : The Third and Final Phase (1991-1995)

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials