Acoustic Emission/Microseismic Activity: Volume 1: Principles, Techniques and Geotechnical Applications

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ISBN: 9789058091932 | 9058091937
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 1/15/2003

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The volume is based on Penn State graduate courses and research undertaken by the author and his graduate students over a 35-year period. When stressed or deformed, most solids limit low-level seismic signals known as acoustic emission/microseismic (AE/MS) activity. The book includes details on such AE/MS-related topics as basic material behavior, stress wave propagation, transducer design and installation, electronic instrumentation, data acquisition and analysis, and signal processing. Consideration also is given to the practical application of AE/MS techniques to both field and laboratory problems in a wide range of geotechnical areas including those associated with geology, geophysics and mining.

Preface	p. xi
Introduction	p. 1
General	p. 1
Basic Concepts	p. 2
Acoustic techniques	p. 2
AE/MS sources	p. 3
AE/MS signals	p. 3
Monitoring techniques	p. 7
Source location	p. 8
Review of basic concepts	p. 9
AE/MS Parameters and Data Analysis	p. 10
Important AE/MS parameters	p. 10
Frequency spectra	p. 12
Source location coordinates	p. 12
Historical Development	p. 14
Interdisciplinary nature of AE/MS development	p. 15
Early studies	p. 16
Transitional period studies	p. 18
Recent studies	p. 20
References	p. 21
Energy Transmission and Detection	p. 29
Introduction	p. 29
Wave Propagation	p. 30
Plane waves	p. 30
Cylindrical waves	p. 31
Spherical waves	p. 33
Body and Surface Waves	p. 33
Body waves	p. 33
Surface waves	p. 33
Seismic Sources	p. 35
Seismic Velocities	p. 36
Calculation of seismic velocities	p. 36
Typical seismic velocities	p. 38
Relationship between Wave and Particle Velocities	p. 38
General	p. 38
Acoustic impedance	p. 41
Effects at Boundaries	p. 43
General	p. 43
Normal incidence--cohesive boundary	p. 43
Oblique incidence--cohesive boundary	p. 47
Oblique incidence--noncohesive boundary	p. 53
Stress Wave Attenuation	p. 54
General	p. 54
Typical attenuation characteristics	p. 55
Detection of AE/MS Signals	p. 57
General	p. 57
Detection of particle motion	p. 57
Computation of propagation direction	p. 59
Character of detected signal	p. 61
Transducer signal components	p. 64
References	p. 69
Field Monitoring Systems	p. 71
Introduction	p. 71
General Considerations	p. 72
System Optimization	p. 72
Classes of Monitoring	p. 73
General monitoring	p. 73
Location monitoring	p. 74
Field Transducers	p. 74
Transducer types	p. 74
Transducer location	p. 79
Transducer installation	p. 79
Field Monitoring Facilities	p. 86
General	p. 86
Signal conditioning	p. 89
Readout systems	p. 90
Multi-channel monitoring systems	p. 91
References	p. 96
Laboratory Monitoring Systems	p. 101
Introduction	p. 101
General Considerations	p. 101
Laboratory Transducers	p. 102
Transducer types	p. 102
Transducer installation	p. 110
Laboratory Monitoring Facilities	p. 116
General	p. 116
Basic systems	p. 117
Parametric systems	p. 118
Readout systems	p. 132
References	p. 133
Source Location Techniques	p. 137
Introduction	p. 137
General	p. 137
Travel-time-difference method	p. 138
One-Dimensional Source Location	p. 140
General	p. 140
One-dimensional location theory	p. 141
Two-Dimensional Source Location	p. 151
General	p. 151
Basic concepts	p. 151
Source location algorithms	p. 154
Three-Dimensional Source Location	p. 160
General	p. 160
Source location algorithms	p. 161
Application of Least Squares Method	p. 163
Experimental Determination of Arrival-Time-Difference Data	p. 165
Use of P- and S- Wave Data	p. 166
Velocity Models	p. 167
Source Location Errors	p. 168
Velocity model	p. 168
Arrival time	p. 169
Transducer coordinates	p. 170
Transducer array geometry and size	p. 170
Source location relative to array	p. 172
Other Source Location Techniques	p. 173
Zonal source location	p. 173
Single station seismometry	p. 177
Hybrid techniques	p. 179
References	p. 181
Special Topics	p. 185
Introduction	p. 185
Geophone Calibration	p. 185
General	p. 185
Calibration system	p. 186
Calibration program	p. 187
Test results	p. 188
Monitoring Facility Optimization	p. 191
Introduction	p. 191
Transducer characteristics and placement	p. 192
Grounding and shielding techniques	p. 192
Monitoring system power	p. 193
Electronic filtering	p. 193
Spatial discrimination	p. 195
Special considerations	p. 199
Monitoring Facility Calibration	p. 200
General	p. 200
Laboratory calibration	p. 202
Field calibration	p. 204
In-situ geophone calibration	p. 208
Velocity Measurement	p. 210
Introduction	p. 210
Field techniques	p. 210
Seismic transmission techniques	p. 211
Seismic refraction techniques	p. 214
Borehole logging techniques	p. 218
Waveguides	p. 221
Introduction	p. 221
Waveguides for geotechnical studies	p. 224
Geotechnical waveguide limitations	p. 226
Geotechnical waveguide development	p. 227
Amplitude Distribution Analysis	p. 232
Pattern Recognition	p. 235
Introduction	p. 235
Statistical pattern recognition methodology	p. 236
Acoustic emission/microseismic applications	p. 239
Neural networks	p. 239
Wavelet transform	p. 240
Source Parameter Analysis	p. 240
Moment Tensor Analysis	p. 243
Kaiser Effect	p. 243
Introduction	p. 243
Measurement and analysis	p. 245
Mechanisms	p. 247
Current status and required studies	p. 248
Related NDT Techniques	p. 248
Acousto-ultrasonics	p. 249
Modal analysis	p. 251
Modal acoustic emission	p. 254
References	p. 256
Manufacturers and Suppliers of AE/MS Transducers, Equipment and Components	p. 267
Subject Index	p. 271
Author Index	p. 279
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

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Acoustic Emission/Microseismic Activity: Volume 1: Principles, Techniques and Geotechnical Applications

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Acoustic Emission/Microseismic Activity: Volume 1: Principles, Techniques and Geotechnical Applications

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