Active Matrix Liquid Crystal Displays

Active matrix liquid crystal displays (AMLCDs) are the preferred choice when thin, low power, high quality, and lightweight flat panel displays are required. Here is the definitive guide to the theory and applications of AMLCDs.

Preface

xi

Introduction

1

(22)

Historical Perspective

1

(6)

Liquid Crystal Properties

7

(4)

Polarization, Dichroism, and Birefringence

11

(3)

The Twisted Nematic Cell

14

(3)

Limitations of Passive Matrix Addressing

17

(6)

References

21

(2)

Operating Principles of Active Matrix LCDs

23

(26)

The Case for Active Matrix

23

(1)

Requirements for Active Matrix Switching Devices

24

(5)

The Thin Film Transistor

29

(3)

Thin Film Silicon Properties

32

(2)

Amorphous Silicon TFTs

34

(2)

Poly-Silicon TFTs

36

(3)

Basic Pixel Circuit and Addressing Methods

39

(4)

Diode-Based Displays

43

(4)

Plasma-Addressed LCDs

47

(2)

References

48

(1)

Manufacturing of AMLCDs

49

(38)

Basic Structure of AMLCDs

49

(1)

Thin Film Processing

50

(11)

Thin Film Properties

61

(4)

Amorphous Silicon TFT Array Processes

65

(4)

Poly-Si TFT Array Processes

69

(4)

Color Filter Array Process

73

(1)

LC Cell Assembly

74

(3)

Module Assembly

77

(2)

Yield Improvements and Considerations

79

(4)

Trends in Manufacturing

83

(4)

AMLCD Electronics

87

(26)

Drive Methods

87

(6)

Row Select and Column Data Drivers

93

(6)

Timing Controllers, Display Controllers, and Interfaces

99

(3)

Integration of Electronics on Glass

102

(3)

Backlights

105

(4)

Power Consumption

109

(4)

References

110

(3)

Performance Characteristics

113

(26)

Basics of Photometry and Colorimetry

113

(4)

Brightness and Contrast Ratio

117

(4)

Viewing Angle Behavior

121

(2)

Color and Gray Scale Performance

123

(6)

Response Time and Flicker

129

(2)

Resolution and Size

131

(3)

Image Artifacts

134

(5)

References

137

(2)

Improvement of Image Quality in AMLCDs

139

(40)

Brightness Improvements

139

(7)

Increased Color Filter Transmission

140

(1)

High-Aperture Ratio Designs

140

(4)

Alternative Color Filter Arrangements

144

(1)

Brightness Enhancement Films

145

(1)

Readability Under High Ambient Lighting Conditions

146

(3)

Color Gamut Improvements

149

(1)

Wide Viewing Angle Technologies

150

(16)

Compensation Films

151

(1)

In-Plane-Switching Mode

152

(5)

Vertical Alignment

157

(5)

A Comparison and Other Viewing Angle Improvement Methods

162

(4)

Enhancement of Video Performance

166

(6)

Response Time Compensation

167

(2)

Emulation of an Impulse-Type Display

169

(3)

Large Size

172

(7)

References

176

(3)

Special AMLCD Configurations

179

(18)

Ultra-High-Resolution Monitors and Improved Gray Scale

179

(3)

Reflective and Transflective Displays

182

(3)

Field-Sequential Color LCDs

185

(2)

Stereoscopic AMLCDs

187

(3)

Touch Screen Technologies

190

(7)

References

196

(1)

Alternative Flat Panel Display Technologies

197

(26)

Plasma Displays

199

(2)

Electroluminescent Displays

201

(8)

TFEL Displays

202

(1)

Organic LED Displays

203

(2)

Passive Matrix Organic LED Displays

205

(1)

Active Matrix Organic LED Displays

206

(3)

Electronic Paper and Flexible Displays

209

(4)

Organic Thin Film Transistors

213

(1)

Front and Rear Projection Displays

214

(9)

References

221

(2)

Active Matrix Flat Panel Image Sensors

223

(12)

Flat Panel Image Sensors

223

(2)

Direct Conversion Detectors

225

(3)

Indirect Conversion Detectors

228

(5)

Applications of Flat Panel X-Ray Sensors

233

(2)

References

234

(1)

Index

235

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Active Matrix Liquid Crystal Displays

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