Adhesion in Pharmaceutical, Biomedical, and Dental Fields

The only book to cover adhesion in pharmaceutical, biomedical and dental fields

The phenomenon of adhesion is of cardinal importance in the pharmaceutical, biomedical and dental fields. A few eclectic examples will suffice to underscore the importance/relevance of adhesion in these three areas. For example, the adhesion between powdered solids is of crucial importance in tablet manufacture. The interaction between biodevices (e.g., stents, bio-implants) and body environment dictates the performance of such devices, and there is burgeoning research activity in modifying the surfaces of such implements to render them compatible with bodily components. In the field of dentistry, the modern trend is to shift from retaining of restorative materials by mechanical interlocking to adhesive bonding.

The book contains 15 chapters written by internationally-renowned subject matter experts and is divided into four parts: Part 1: General Topics; Part 2: Adhesion in Pharmaceutical Field; Part 3: Adhesion in Biomedical Field; and Part 4: Adhesion in Dental Field.

The topics covered include: Theories or mechanisms of adhesion; wettability of powders; role of surface free energy in tablet strength and powder flow behavior; mucoadhesive polymers for drug delivery systems; transdermal patches; skin adhesion in long-wear cosmetics; factors affecting microbial adhesion; biofouling and ways to mitigate it; adhesion of coatings on surgical tools and bio-implants; adhesion in fabrication of microarrays in clinical diagnostics; antibacterial polymers for dental adhesives and composites; evolution of dental adhesives; and testing of dental adhesive joints.

Kashmiri Lal Mittal was employed by the IBM Corporation from 1972 through 1993 Currently, he is teaching and consulting worldwide in the broad areas of adhesion as well as surface cleaning. He is the editor of more than 135 books and the Founding Editor of the journal Reviews of Adhesion and Adhesives.

Frank Etzler earned his PhD in physical chemistry from the University of Miami. He is currently an Associate Professor of Pharmaceutics in the School of Pharmacy at the Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine (LECOM).

Preface xv

Part 1 General Topics

1 Theories and Mechanisms of Adhesion in the Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Dental Fields 3
Douglas J. Gardner

1.1 Introduction 4

1.2 Mechanisms of Adhesion 7

1.3 Summary 17

References 18

2 Wettability of Powders 23
Emil Chibowski, Lucyna Holysz and Aleksandra Szczes

2.1 Introduction 23

2.2 Different Forms of Wetting 24

2.3 Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Surfaces 27

2.4 Contact Angle Measurement in Wettability Studies of  Powdered Materials 27

2.5 Contact Angle and Surface Free Energy 35

2.6 Surface Free Energy Determination of Powdered Solids by Thin Layer Wicking Method 38

2.7 Surface Free Energy Determination of Powdered Solids by Imbibition Drainage Method 42

2.8 Summary 44

Acknowledgement 44

References 44

Part 2 Adhesion in the Pharmaceutical Field

3 Tablet Tensile Strength: Role of Surface Free Energy 53
Frank M. Etzler and Sorana Pisano

3.1 Introduction 54

3.2 Applicability of the Proposed Model to Pharmaceutical Materials 60

3.3 Discussion 70

3.4 Summary 72

3.5 Acknowledgements 72

References 72

4 Role of Surface Free Energy in Powder Behavior and Tablet Strength 75
Changquan Calvin Sun

4.1 Introduction 75

4.2 Surface Free Energy 76

4.3 Role of Surface Free Energy in Solid Wetting 77

4.4 Role of Surface Free Energy in Powder Flow 80

4.5 Role of Surface Free Energy in Powder Tableting 82

4.6 Concluding Remarks 84

References 84

5 Mucoadhesive Polymers for Drug Delivery Systems 89
Inderbir Singh, Pravin Pawar, Ebunoluwa A. Sanusi and Oluwatoyin A. Odeku

5.1 Introduction 90

5.2 Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery Systems 93

5.3 Mucoadhesive Polymers 95

5.4 Summary 107

References 108

6 Transdermal Patches: An Overview 115
Subham Banerjee

6.1 Introduction 115

6.2 Factors Affecting Skin Absorption 117

6.3 Passive Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems 120

6.4 Types, Structural Components and Materials Used to Design Passive TDDS 121

6.5 Active Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems 126

6.6 Production of Transdermal Patches 127

6.7 Biopharmaceutical Concerns 128

6.8 Pharmacokinetics of Transdermal Absorption 130

6.9 Manufacture, Design and Quality Control 131

6.10 Commercialized Patches 133

6.11 Regulatory Aspects 133

6.12 Summary and Future Prospects 136

Acknowledgment 137

References 138

7 Film-Forming Technology and Skin Adhesion in Long-Wear Cosmetics 141
Hy Si Bui and Debra Coleman-Nally

7.1 Introduction 141

7.2 Long-Wear Foundation: An overview 142

7.3 Effect of Skin Substrate on Adhesion 142

7.4 Long-Wear Technologies in Cosmetic Applications 150

7.5 Summary and Prospects 160

Acknowledgements 161

References 161

Part 3 Adhesion in the Biomedical Fields

8 Factors Affecting Microbial Adhesion 169
Klemen Bohinc, Martina Oder, Rok Fink, Karmen Godiè Torkar, Goran Dra?iæ and Peter Raspor

8.1 Introduction 169

8.2 Surface Characterization 174

8.3 Bacterial Adhesion to Material Surfaces 175

8.5 Summary 179

Acknowledgments 179

References 180

9 Factors Influencing Biofouling and Use of Polymeric Materials to Mitigate It 185
Elena Ozzello, Chiara Mollea, Francesca Bosco and Roberta Bongiovanni

9.1 Introduction 185

9.2 Origin of Biofouling 188

9.3 Prevention of Microorganisms Adhesion 189

9.4 Influence of Mechanical Properties 198

9.5 Influence of Surface Topography 200

9.6 Concluding Remarks 201

References 202

10 Coatings on Surgical Tools and How to Promote Adhesion of Bio-Friendly Coatings on Their Surfaces 207
Sanjay Kumar, Pulak Bhushan and Shantanu Bhattacharya

10.1 Introduction 207

10.2 Coatings on Various Surgical Tools and Implants in Different Fields of Operative Care to Patients 209

10.3 Promotion of Adhesion of Bio-Friendly Coatings on Surfaces of Tools and Implants 224

10.4 Summary 227

References 227

11 Techniques for Deposition of Coatings with Enhanced Adhesion to Bio-Implants 235
Proma Bhattacharya and Sudarsan Neogi

11.1 Bio-Implants: An Introduction 235

11.2 Deposition Methods for Enhanced Adhesion of Coatings on Implants 240

11.3 Summary 249

References 250

12 Relevance of Adhesion in Fabrication of Microarrays in Clinical Diagnostics 257
Rishi Kant, Geeta Bhatt, Poonam Sundriyal and Shantanu Bhattacharya

12.1 Introduction 258

12.2 Protein Microarrays 259

12.3 Fabrication Techniques 262

12.4 Adhesion of Probes in Protein Microarray Fabrication 264

12.6 Antibody Microarrays 285

12.7 Summary 291

References 291

Part 4 Adhesion in the Dental Fields

13 Antibacterial Polymers for Dental Adhesives and Composites 301
Mary Anne S. Melo, Michael D. Weir, Fazel Fakhari, Lei Cheng, Ke Zhang, Fang Li, Xuedong Zhou, Yuxing Bai and Hockin H. K. Xu

13.1 Introduction 302

13.2 Major Damage from Oral Biofilm Formed: The Acid Production 304

13.3 The Chemistry of Current Dental Adhesives and Composites 306

13.4 The Need for Treatments Targeting Oral Cariogenic Biofilms 308

13.5 Classification of Antibacterial Polymers for Dental Materials 310

13.6 Mechanisms of Action of Antibacterial Monomers 312

13.7 Antibacterial Properties of Dental Adhesives and Composites Containing Antibacterial Monomers 313

13.8 Considerations of Mechanical Properties 320

13.9 Summary and Prospects 322

Acknowledgments 323

References 323

14 Dental Adhesives: From Earlier Products to Bioactive and Smart Materials 331
Eliseu A. Münchow and Marco C. Bottino

14.1 Introduction 331

14.2 Adhesion to Dental Substrates 334

14.3 Adhesive Strategies 339

14.4 Limitations in Bonding to Dental Substrates 345

14.5 Strategies to Reduce Bond Strength Degradation – Current Advances 346

14.6 Summary and Prospects 355

Acknowledgment 356

References 356

15 Testing of Dental Adhesive Joints  369
Karl-Johan M. Söderholm

15.1 Introduction 370

15.2 Various Bond Strength Tests 372

15.3 Summary 394

References                     

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