Advanced 2d Materials

This book brings together innovative methodologies and strategies adopted in the research and developments of Advanced 2D Materials. Well-known worldwide researchers deliberate subjects on (1) Synthesis, characterizations, modeling and properties, (2) State-of-the-art design and (3) innovative uses of 2D materials including:

• Two-dimensional layered gallium selenide
• Synthesis of 2D boron nitride nanosheets
• The effects of substrates on 2-D crystals
• Electrical conductivity and reflectivity of models of some 2D materials
• Graphene derivatives in semicrystalline polymer composites
• Graphene oxide based multifunctional composites
• Covalent and non-covalent polymer grafting of graphene oxide
• Graphene-semiconductor hybrid photocatalysts for solar fuels
• Graphene based sensors
• Graphene composites from bench to clinic
• Photocatalytic ZnO-graphene hybrids
• Hydroxyapatite-graphene bioceramics in orthopaedic applications

Ashutosh Tiwari is Chairman and Managing Director of Tekidag AB; Group Leader, Advanced Materials and Biodevices at the world premier Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre at IFM, Linköping University; Editor-in-Chief, Advanced Materials Letters and Advanced Materials Reviews; Secretary General, International Association of Advanced Materials; a materials chemist and docent in the Applied Physics with the specialization of Biosensors and Bioelectronics from Linköping University, Sweden. He has more than 400 publications in the field of materials science and nanotechnology with h-index of 30 and has edited/authored over 25 books on advanced materials and technology.

Mikael Syväjärvi received a PhD degree in materials science from Linköping University, Sweden in 1999. His expertise is in materials growth and technologies of SiC, graphene and related materials. He has published more than 200 journal and conference papers. He is a co-inventor of The Cubic Sublimation Method for cubic SiC and the Fast Sublimation Growth Process that is applied for industrial development of fluorescent hexagonal SiC. He also co-invented the High Temperature Graphene and co-founded Graphensic AB that manufactures and supplies graphene on SiC.

Preface xiii

Part 1 Synthesis, Characterizations, Modelling and Properties

1 Two-Dimensional Layered Gallium Selenide: Preparation, Properties, and Applications 3
Wenjing Jie and Jianhua Hao

1.1 Introduction 4

1.2 Preparation of 2D Layered GaSe Crystals 5

1.3 Structure, Characterization, and Properties 10

1.4 Applications 24

1.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 31

Acknowledgment 32

References 32

2 Recent Progress on the Synthesis of 2D Boron Nitride Nanosheets 37
Li Fu and Aimin Yu

2.1 Boron Nitride and Its Nanomorphologies 37

2.2 Boron Nitride Nanosheets Synthesis 39

2.3 Conclusion 56

References 57

3 The Effects of Substrates on 2D Crystals 67
Emanuela Margapoti, Mahmoud M. Asmar and Sergio E. Ulloa

3.1 Introduction 68

3.2 Fundamental Studies of 2D Crystals 71

3.3 Graphene Symmetries and Their Modification by Substrates and Functionalization 80

3.4 TMDs on Insulators and Metal Substrates 89

3.5 Conclusion 107

References 108

4 Hubbard Model in Material Science: Electrical Conductivity and Reflectivity of Models of Some 2D Materials 115
Vladan Celebonovic

4.1 Introduction 115

4.2 The Hubbard Model 116

4.3 Calculations of Conductivity 124

4.4 The Hubbard Model and Optics 135

4.5 Conclusions 141

Acknowledgment 142

References 142

Part 2 State-of-the-art Design of Functional 2D composites

5 Graphene Derivatives in Semicrystalline Polymer Composites 147
Sandra Paszkiewicz, Anna Szymczyk and Zbigniew Rosłaniec

5.1 Introduction 147

5.2 Preparation of Polymer Nanocomposites Containing Graphene Derivatives 150

5.3 Properties of Graphene-based Polymer Nanocomposites 156

5.4 Synergic Effect of 2D/1D System 174

5.5 Conclusions (Summary) and Future Perspectives 175

References  180

6 Graphene Oxide: A Unique Nano-platform to Build Advanced Multifunctional Composites 193
André F. Girão, Susana Pinto, Ana Bessa, Gil Gonçalves, Bruno Henriques, Eduarda Pereira and Paula A. A. P. Marques

6.1 Introduction to Graphene Oxide as Building Unit 194

6.2 Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering 196

6.3 Water Remediation 206

6.4 Multifunctional Structural Materials 212

6.5 Conclusions (Final Remarks) 223

Acknowledgments 224

References 224

7 Synthesis of ZnO–Graphene Hybrids for Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Contaminants 237
Alina Pruna and Daniele Pullini

7.1 Introduction into Wastewater Treatment 237

7.2 Semiconductor-based Photocatalytic Degradation Mechanism 239

7.3 ZnO Hybridization toward Enhanced Photocatalytic Efficiency 240

7.4 Synthesis Approaches for ZnO–Graphene Hybrid Photocatalysts 242

7.5 ZnO–Graphene Hybrid Photocatalysts 244

7.6 Ternary Hybrids with ZnO and rGO Materials 270

7.7 Conclusions 276

Acknowledgments 278

References 278

8 Covalent and Non-covalent Modification of Graphene Oxide Through Polymer Grafting 287
Akbar Hassanpour, Khatereh Gorbanpour and Abbas Dadkhah Tehrani

8.1 Introduction 288

8.2 Covalent Modification of Graphene Oxide 288

8.3 Non-covalent Modification of Graphene Oxide 314

8.4 Composites and Grafts of GO with Natural Polymers 321

8.5 Conclusion 333

Acknowledgment 334

References 334

Part 3 High-tech Applications of 2D Materials

9 Graphene–Semiconductor Hybrid Photocatalysts and Their Application in Solar Fuel Production 355
Pawan Kumar, Anurag Kumar, Chetan Joshi, Rabah Boukherrouband Suman L. Jain

9.1 Introduction 356

9.2 Conclusion 379

References 379

10 Graphene in Sensors Design 387
Andreea Cernat, Mihaela Tertiș, Luminiţa Fritea and Cecilia Cristea

10.1 Introduction 388

10.2 Fabrication and Characterization of Graphene-based Materials 389

10.3 Applications 394

10.4 Conclusions 418

Acknowledgements 418

References 419

11 Bio-applications of Graphene Composites: From Bench to Clinic 433

Meisam Omidi, A. Fatehinya, M. Frahani, Z. Niknam, A. Yadegari, M. Hashemi, H. Jazayeri, H. Zali, M. Zahedinik, and L. Tayebi

11.1 Introduction 433

11.2 Synthesis and Structural Features 435

11.3 Biomedical Applications 438

11.4 Conclusions (Current Limitations and Future Perspectives) 457

References  461

12 Hydroxyapatite–Graphene as Advanced Bioceramic Composites for Orthopedic Applications 473
Wan Jeffrey Basirun, Saeid Baradaran and Bahman Nasiri-Tabrizi

12.1 Background of Study 474

12.2 Literature Review 478

12.3 Functional Specifications 486

12.4 Summary and Concluding Remarks 494

References 495

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