Advanced Concrete Technology 3

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ISBN: 9780750651059 | 0750651059
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/4/2003

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Based on the Institute of Concrete Technology's Advanced Concrete Technology Course, these four volumes are a comprehensive educational and reference resource for the concrete materials technologist. An expert international team of authors from research, academia and industry has been brought together to produce this unique series. Each volume deals with a different aspect of the subject: constituent materials, properties, processes and testing and quality. With worked examples, case studies and illustrations throughout, the books will be a key reference for the concrete specialist for years to come.

Preface

xxiii

List of contributors

xxv

Part 1 Mix design

1 Concrete mix design

1/3

(1)

Joe Dewar

1.1 Introduction

1/3

(1)

1.1.1 Interpreting the specification

1/5

(1)

1.1.2 Selection of materials

1/5

(1)

1.1.3 Relation between target strength and specified characteristic strength

1/6

(1)

1.1.4 Useful simplilying assumptions

1/7

(1)

1.1.5 Interaction between mix design, concrete production and construction

1/8

(1)

1.2 Initial laboratory tests of concrete

1/9

(1)

1.2.1 Calculations of quantities per cubic metre from initial tests

1/10

(1)

1.2.2 Adjustments to allow for moisture content of aggregates

1/11

(1)

1.2.3 Estimation of yield and volume delivered

1/11

(1)

1.2.4 Estimation of volume of concrete for ordering purposes

1/11

(1)

1.2.5 Design of an initial test programme

1/12

(1)

1.2.6 Full-scale tests

1/12

(1)

1.2.7 Databank

1/12

(1)

1.3 Comprehensive mix design of ready-mixed concrete based on laboratory trials

1/12

(1)

1.3.1 Use of base data from the BRMCA design method

1/13

(1)

1.3.2 Mix design example

1/16

(1)

1.4 Comprehensive mix design of concrete based on materials properties

1/17

(1)

1.4.1 Principles and test methods

1/18

(1)

1.5 MixSim - a computerized comprehensive method of mix design

1/22

(1)

1.5.1 MixSim - key features

1/24

(1)

1.5.2 Materials database

1/24

(1)

1.5.3 Mix details

1/24

(1)

1.5.4 Concrete specification and selected concrete

1/26

(1)

1.5.5 Trials data

1/27

(1)

1.5.6 View

1/27

(1)

1.5.7 Batching data

1/30

(1)

1.6 Special concretes

1/30

(1)

1.7 Simplified mix design methods

1/31

(1)

1.7.1 Simplified mix design - the DoE (1988) method

1/32

(1)

1.7.2 Simplified mix design - the ACI (1991) method

1/35

(1)

1.8 Ready-to-use mix designs

1/37

(1)

1.9 Summary

1/38

(1)

References

1/39

(1)

Further reading

1/40

(1)

Part 2 Special concretes

2 Properties of lightweight concrete

2/3

(1)

John Newman and Phil Owens

2.1 Introduction

2/3

(1)

2.2 No-fines concrete (NFC)

2/4

(1)

2.2.1 Production

2/4

(1)

2.2.2 Properties

2/5

(1)

2.3 Aerated and foamed concrete

2/7

(1)

2.3.1 Introduction

2/7

(1)

2.3.2 Production

2/7

(1)

2.3.3 Properties

2/8

(1)

2.4 Lightweight aggregate concrete

2/9

(1)

2.4.1 Introduction

2/9

(1)

2.4.2 Properties of lightweight aggregate for structural concrete

2/10

(1)

2.4.3 Properties of structural lightweight aggregate concrete

2/11

(1)

2.4.4 Experience in use

2/24

(1)

References

2/25

(1)

3 High strength concrete

3/1

(1)

Bill Price

3.1 Aims and objectives

3/1

(1)

3.2 Introduction

3/1

(1)

3.3 Materials technology of HSC

3/2

(1)

3.3.1 Paste properties

3/2

(1)

3.3.2 Transition zone properties

3/3

(1)

3.3.3 Aggregate properties

3/3

(1)

3.4 Materials selection and mix design

3/4

(1)

3.4.1 Cements

3/4

(1)

3.4.2 Admixtures

3/4

(1)

3.4.3 Aggregates

3/5

(1)

3.4.4 Concrete mix design

3/6

(1)

3.5 Properties of HSC

3/7

(1)

3.5.1 Fresh concrete

3/7

(1)

3.5.2 Hardened concrete

3/7

(1)

3.6 Production and use of HSC

3/10

(1)

3.6.1 Production

3/10

(1)

3.6.2 Use on-site

3/11

(1)

3.6.3 Testing

3/11

(1)

3.7 Examples of use of HSC

3/12

(1)

3.8 Summary

3/14

(1)

References

3/14

(1)

Further reading

3/16

(1)

4 Heat-resisting and refractory concretes

4/1

(1)

Ron Montgomery

4.1 Introduction

4/1

(1)

4.2 Calcium aluminate cement (CAC) versus Portland cement (PC)

4/1

(1)

4.3 Refractory limits of calcium aluminate cements

4/2

(1)

4.4 Refractory and heat-resisting aggregates

4/4

(1)

4.5 Heat-resistant concretes

4/4

(1)

4.6 Insulating concretes

4/6

(1)

4.7 Abrasion and heat-resisting concretes

4/7

(1)

4.8 High-temperature refractory concrete

4/7

(1)

4.9 Low- and ultra-low cement castables

4/8

(1)

4.10 Self-flow castables

4/9

(1)

4.11 Installation of heat-resisting and refractory concretes

4/9

(1)

4.11.1 Placing and compaction

4/9

(1)

4.11.2 Curing

4/9

(1)

4.11.3 Drying and firing

4/9

(1)

4.11.4 Reinforcement

4/10

(1)

4.11.5 Shrinkage and thermal expansion

4/10

(1)

4.11.6 Strength after firing

4/11

(1)

4.12 Applications

4/12

(1)

4.12.1 Domestic flues, fireplaces and chimneys

4/12

(1)

4.12.2 Foundry floors

4/12

(1)

4.12.3 Fire training areas

4/13

(1)

References

4/13

(1)

5 High-density and radiation-shielding concrete and grout

5/1

(1)

Eric Miller

5.1 Objectives

5/1

(1)

5.2 Introduction

5/1

(1)

5.3 Uses and applications

5/2

(1)

5.3.1 Nuclear industry

5/2

(1)

5.3.2 Other uses

5/3

(1)

5.4 Definitions and standards

5/4

(1)

5.5 Aggregates

5/4

(1)

5.5.1 Naturally occurring aggregates

5/5

(1)

5.5.2 Synthetic or man-made aggregates

5/5

(1)

5.5.3 General considerations when assessing high-density aggregates

5/6

(1)

5.6 Mix design

5/8

(1)

5.7 Production, transporting and placing

5/9

(1)

5.7.1 Production

5/9

(1)

5.7.2 Transporting, placing and curing

5/10

(1)

5.7.3 Summary

5/11

(1)

5.8 Concrete properties

5/11

(1)

5.8.1 Fresh concrete

5/11

(1)

5.8.2 Hardened concrete

5/11

(1)

5.9 High-density grouts

5/12

(1)

5.10 Quality management

5/12

(1)

5.11 Specifications

5/14

(1)

5.12 Summary

5/14

(1)

References

5/14

(1)

6 Fibre-reinforced concrete

6/1

(1)

D.J. Hannam

6.1 Introduction

6/1

(1)

6.2 Properties of fibres and matrices

6/2

(1)

6.3 Post-cracking composite theory

6/2

(1)

6.4 Theoretical stress-strain curves in uniaxial tension

6/2

(1)

6.4.1 Characteristic shapes of stress-strain curves

6/2

(1)

6.4.2 Critical volume fraction (Vfcrit) in uniaxial tension

6/4

(1)

6.4.3 Short random fibres which pull out rather than break

6/5

(1)

6.5 Principles of fibre reinforcement in flexure

6/6

(1)

6.5.1 Necessity for theory

6/6

(1)

6.5.2 Analysis using a rectangular stress block in the tensile zone of a beam

6/7

(1)

6.6 Steel fibre concrete

6/9

(1)

6.7 Mix design and composite manufacture

6/9

(1)

6.8 Properties

6/11

(1)

6.8.1 Durability

6/12

(1)

6.9 Testing

6/12

(1)

6.9.1 Fresh concrete

6/12

(1)

6.9.2 Hardened concrete

6/12

(1)

6.10 Applications

6/13

(1)

6.11 Polypropylene fibre-reinforced concrete

6/14

(1)

6.12 Mix design and manufacture

6/15

(1)

6.13 Properties of fresh concrete

6/15

(1)

6.13.1 Plastic shrinkage cracking

6/15

(1)

6.14 Properties of hardened concrete

6/16

(1)

6.14.1 Durability

6/16

(1)

6.15 Applications

6/16

(1)

6.16 Glass fibre-reinforced concrete

6/17

(1)

References

6/17

(1)

Further reading

6/17

(1)

7 Masonry mortars

7/1

(1)

Neil Beningfield

7.1 Aims and objectives

7/1

(1)

7.2 Historical background

7/1

(1)

7.2.1 Ancient mortar

7/1

(1)

7.2.2 The development of modern cements

7/2

(1)

7.3 The requirements of mortar

7/2

(1)

7.3.1 The hardened requirements

7/2

(1)

7.3.2 The plastic requirements

7/4

(1)

7.4 Properties of mortar

7/5

(1)

7.4.1 The hardened properties

7/5

(1)

7.4.2 The plastic properties

7/6

(1)

7.5 Constituents of mortar

7/8

(1)

7.5.1 Sand

7/9

(1)

7.5.2 Cement

7/12

(7107)

7.5.3 Lime

7114

7.5.4 Admixtures

7/15

(1)

7.6 Mortar standards and application documents

7/17

(1)

7.6.1 BS 4551 - methods of testing mortars

7/17

(1)

7.6.2 prEN 998 - The European Standard for mortars

7/17

(1)

7.6.3 Application documents

7/17

(1)

7.7 Mortar mix design

7/18

(1)

7.7.1 Mix proportions

7/18

(1)

7.8 Basic masonry design fir durability

7/19

(1)

7.9 Site problems

7/20

(1)

7.9.1 Incorrect mix proportions

7/20

(1)

7.9.2 Use of unauthorized admixtures

7/20

(1)

7.9.3 Sulphate attack

7/20

(1)

7.9.4 Freeze-thaw cycles

7/21

(1)

7.9.5 Aesthetic failures

7/21

(1)

7.10 Summary

7/21

(1)

References

7/22

(1)

8 Recycled concrete

8/1

(1)

Rod Collins

8.1 Introduction

8/1

(1)

8.2 BRE Digest 433 and the properties of recycled aggregate

8/1

(1)

8.2.1 General description/classification

8/2

(1)

8.2.2 Blends with natural aggregate

8/2

(1)

8.2.3 Impurities

8/3

(1)

8.2.4 Test methods

8/3

(1)

8.2.5 Other properties

8/4

(1)

8.3 Methods of recycling and quality

8/5

(1)

8.4 Recipe and performance specifications

8/6

(1)

8.4.1 The specification 'environment' in the UK before Digest 433

8/6

(1)

8.4.2 Product specifications

8/7

(1)

8.5 Applications - demonstration projects

8/7

(1)

8.5.1 Concrete blocks

8/7

(1)

8.5.2 Precast structural concrete

8/7

(1)

8.5.3 The Environmental Building at BRE

8/8

(1)

8.5.4 Strong floor at BRE Cardington laboratory

8/10

(1)

References

8/12

(1)

Further reading

8/13

(1)

9 Self-compacting concrete

9/1

(1)

Rob Gaimster and Noel Dixon

9.1 Introduction

9/1

(1)

9.2 Materials

9/2

(1)

9.2.1 Cements and fine fillers

9/3

(1)

9.2.2 Fine and coarse aggregates

9/4

(1)

9.2.3 Admixtures

9/4

(1)

9.3 Mix design

9/6

(1)

9.3.1 Influencing factors of SCC mix proportions

9/6

(1)

9.3.2 Properties of paste and mortar

9/6

(1)

9.3.3 Coarse aggregate content

9/7

(1)

9.3.4 Common mix design methods for SCC

9/7

(1)

9.3.5 Rational mix design method - Okamura and Ozawa (1995)

9/8

(1)

9.3.6 Linear optimization mix proportioning - Domone et al. (1999)

9/9

(1)

9.3.7 Model for self-compacting concrete - Petersson et al. (1996)

9/10

(1)

9.3.8 Solid suspension model mix design - Sedran et al. (1996)

9/11

(1)

9.4 Plastic concrete

9/11

(1)

9.4.1 Filling ability

9/12

(1)

9.4.2 Resistance to segregation

9/12

(1)

9.4.3 Passing ability

9/13

(1)

9.5 Hardened concrete

9/14

(1)

9.5.1 Compressive strength

9/14

(1)

9.5.2 Frost resistance

9/15

(1)

9.6 Production and transportation

9/15

(1)

9.7 Placement

9/15

(1)

9.8 Formwork

9/16

(1)

9.9 Surface finish

9/16

(1)

9.10 Mix design optimization - moving SCC to mainstream construction

9/18

(1)

9.11 SCC applications

9/19

(1)

9.11.1 City environments

9/19

(1)

9.11.2 Precast

9/20

(1)

References

9/20

(1)

Further reading

9/22

(1)

Part 3 Special processes and technology for particular types of structure

10 Sprayed concrete

10/3

(1)

Graham Taylor

10.1 Introduction

10/3

(1)

10.2 History

10/3

(1)

10.3 Definition of sprayed concrete

10/4

(1)

10.4 The wet process

10/5

(1)

10.4.1 Definition

10/5

(1)

10.4.2 General

10/6

(1)

10.4.3 Equipment

10/6

(1)

10.5 Dry process

10/6

(1)

10.5.1 Definition

10/6

(1)

10.5.2 General

10/7

(1)

10.5.3 Equipment

10/8

(1)

10.6 Constituent materials

10/8

(1)

10.6.1 Cement

10/9

(1)

10.6.2 Aggregates

10/9

(1)

10.6.3 Mixing water

10/9

(1)

10.6.4 Admixtures

10/9

(1)

10.6.5 Fibres

10/9

(1)

10.6.6 Cementitious additions

10/10

(1)

10.7 Spraying procedures

10/10

(1)

10.8 Quality assurance

10/11

(1)

10.8.1 Introduction

10/11

(1)

10.8.2 Prequalificatiun of nozzlemen

10/12

(1)

10.9 Quality control

10/12

(1)

10.9.1 Drawing review

10/12

(1)

10.9.2 Potential debonding and delamination

10/12

(1)

10.9.3 Tensile bond strength

10/12

(1)

10.9.4 Strength and density

10/13

(1)

10.9.5 In-situ testing

10/13

(1)

10.9.6 Daily test panels

10/13

(1)

10.9.7 Conclusion

10/14

(1)

10.10 Applications of sprayed concrete

10/14

(1)

10.10.1 New construction

10/14

(1)

10.10.2 Free-formed structures

10/16

(1)

10.10.3 Strengthening and repair

10/16

(1)

10.10.4 Protective coatings

10/17

(1)

Further reading

10/18

(1)

11 Underwater concrete

11/1

(1)

Graham Taylor

11.1 Introduction

11/1

(1)

11.2 Conventional methods of placing

11/1

(1)

11.2.1 Tremie

11/1

(1)

11.2.2 Hydrovalve

11/3

(1)

11.2.3 Skips

11/4

(1)

11.2.4 Pumps

11/4

(1)

11.2.5 Toggle bags

11/5

(1)

11.2.6 Bagwork

11/5

(1)

11.2.7 Concrete packaged under water

11/5

(1)

11.2.8 Grouted aggregates

11/5

(1)

11.3 Concrete properties

11/7

(1)

11.3.1 Basic requirements

11/7

(1)

11.3.2 Cementitious materials

11/7

(1)

11.3.3 Aggregates

11/7

(1)

11.3.4 Admixtures

11/8

(1)

11.3.5 Strength

11/8

(1)

11.3.6 Workability

11/8

(1)

11.4 Non-dispersible concrete

11/9

(1)

11.4.1 The admixtures

11/9

(1)

11.4.2 Concrete handling

11/9

(1)

11.4.3 Testing

11/10

(1)

11.5 Formwork

11/11

(1)

11.6 Reinforcement

11/11

(1)

11.7 Conclusion

11/12

(1)

Further reading

11/12

(1)

12 Grouts and grouting

12/1

(1)

S.A. Jefferis

12.1 Introduction

12/1

(1)

12.2 Health and safety

12/2

(1)

12.3 The void to be grouted

12/2

(1)

12.4 Grouting theory and standards

12/3

(1)

12.5 Cement grouts

12/3

(1)

12.5.1 Cementitious grout materials

12/4

(1)

12.5.2 Mix proportions

12/5

(1)

12.5.3 Heat release

12/6

(1)

12.5.4 Grout mixing

12/7

(1)

12.6 Cementitious grout testing concepts

12/7

(1)

12.7 Grout properties

12/10

(1)

12.7.1 Flow properties - rheology

12/10

(1)

12.7.2 Grout penetration

12/16

(1)

12.7.3 Bleed

12/18

(1)

12.7.4 Filtration

12/22

(1)

12.7.5 Combined bleed and filtration

12/22

(1)

12.7.6 Escape of water

12/23

(1)

12.7.7 Injectable time

12/24

(1)

12.7.8 Set time

12/25

(1)

12.8 Grout injection

12/25

(1)

12.8. Duct grouting

12/27

(1)

12.9 Volume change

12/29

(1)

12.9.1 Hydration of Portland cement grouts

12/29

(1)

12.9.2 Drying shrinkage

12/32

(1)

12.10 The hardened state of Cementitious grouts

12/32

(1)

12.11 Durability

12/33

(1)

12.12 Chemical grout systems - materials issues

12/33

(1)

12.12.1 Fluid properties

12/34

(1)

12.12.2 Setting

12/35

(1)

12.12.3 Measurement of set time

12/35

(1)

12.12.4 Injectable time

12/35

(1)

12.12.5 Injected quantity

12/36

(1)

12.12.6 Geotechnical grout penetration

12/36

(1)

12.13 Volume change in chemical grouts

12/37

(1)

12.13.1 Drying shrinkage

12/39

(1)

12.14 The hardened state for chemical grouts

12/39

(1)

12.14.1 Strength

12/40

(1)

12.14.2 Permeability

12/40

(1)

12.14.3 Durability

12/41

(1)

12.15 Chemical and geotechnical grout materials

12/41

(1)

12.15.1 Active clays

12/42

(1)

12.15.2 Cement grouts

12/42

(1)

12.15.3 Clay - cement grouts

12/42

(1)

12.15.4 Microfine cement grouts

12/43

(1)

12.15.5 Chemical grouts

12/43

(1)

12.16 Conclusions

12/45

(1)

References

12/45

(1)

13 Concreting large-volume (mass) pours

13/1

(1)

Phil Bamforth

13.1 Introduction

13/1

(1)

13.1.1 Definition of a mass pour

13/1

(1)

13.1.2 Benefits

13/2

(1)

13.1.3 Technical considerations

13/2

(1)

13.2 The designer's role

13/3

(1)

13.2.1 Approaches to the specification

13/3

(1)

13.2.2 Response to contractors' proposals

13/4

(1)

13.2.3 Early age thermal cracking

13/4

(1)

13.2.4 Limitation of cracking

13/5

(1)

13.2.5 Performance of construction joints

13/9

(1)

13.2.6 Materials specification

13/10

(1)

13.2.7 Testing for conformance

13/10

(1)

13.2.8 Specification for monitoring of temperatures

13/11

(1)

13.2.9 Action in event of non-conformance

13/12

(1)

13.3 Planning

13/13

(1)

13.3.1 Capability

13/14

(1)

13.3.2 Planning meeting

13/14

(1)

13.3.3 Plant

13/14

(1)

13.3.4 Labour

13/15

(1)

13.3.5 Material supply

13/16

(1)

13.3.6 Access

13/16

(1)

13.3.7 Timing

13/16

(1)

13.3.8 Quality assurance

13/17

(1)

13.3.9 Monitoring

13/17

(1)

13.3.10 Contingency plan for loss of concrete supply

13/18

(1)

13.3.11 Responsibilities

13/18

(1)

13.4 Concrete mix design

13/19

(1)

13.4.1 Properties to be considered

13/20

(1)

13.4.2 Factors influencing key properties

13/21

(1)

13.4.3 Early age thermal cracking

13/26

(1)

13.5 Construction of large-volume pours

13/33

(1)

13.5.1 Reinforcement design and detailing

13/33

(1)

13.5.2 Formwork

13/33

(1)

13.5.3 Construction procedure to minimize restraints

13/33

(1)

13.5.4 Placing methods

13/35

(1)

13.5.5 Compaction

13/36

(1)

13.5.6 Finishing

13/37

(1)

13.5.7 Thermal control

13/37

(1)

13.5.8 Monitoring and actions in the event of non-compliance

13/42

(1)

13.6 Review

13/44

(1)

References

13/45

(1)

14 Slipform

14/1

(1)

Reg Horne

14.1 Vertical slipforming

14/1

(1)

14.1.1 Types of structure suitable for slipform construction

14/1

(1)

14.1.2 Standard equipment

14/2

(1)

14.1.3 Tapering equipment

14/4

(1)

14.2 Design of the slipform

14/6

(1)

14.2.1 Standard system operations

14/6

(1)

14.3 Concrete mix

14/7

(1)

14.3.1 Performance and development

14/7

(1)

14.3.2 Mix design

14/9

(1)

14.3.3 Cement

14/9

(1)

14.3.4 Aggregates

14/9

(1)

14.3.5 Admixtures

14/10

(1)

14.3.6 Distribution on the slipform rig

14/10

(1)

14.3.7 Vibration

14/12

(1)

14.3.8 Curing

14/12

(1)

14.3.9 Methods of concrete distribution

14/13

(1)

14.3.10 Problems that may arise with slipforming

14/14

(1)

14.3.11 Remedial action

14/15

(1)

14.3.12 Slipform mixes - examples

14/17

(1)

14.3.13 Operations in varying temperatures

14/17

(1)

14.3.14 Hot weather concreting

14/18

(1)

14.3.15 Cold weather concreting

14/18

(1)

14.3.16 Catering for horizontal connections and openings

14/18

(1)

14.3.17 Connections for concrete

14/19

(1)

14.3.18 Connections for steelwork

14/19

(1)

14.3.19 Example of slipformed project

14/20

(1)

14.3.20 Dayshift-only sliding

14/20

(1)

14.3.21 Conclusions

14/21

(1)

14.4 Horizontal slipforming

14/21

(1)

14.4.1 Paving

14/22

(1)

14.4.2 Kerbing

14/23

(1)

14.4.3 Concrete mix

14/23

(1)

14.4.4 Vibration

14/24

(1)

15 Pumped concrete

15/1

(1)

Tony Binns

15.1 Liquids

15/1

(1)

15.2 Suspensions

15/2

(1)

15.3 Rheology

15/4

(1)

15.4 Pressure gradients

15/6

(1)

15.5 Types of concrete pump

15/7

(1)

15.5.1 General description

15/7

(1)

15.5.2 Reciprocating piston pumps

15/8

(1)

15.5.3 Peristaltic pumps

15/8

(1)

15.5.4 Static pumps

15/10

(1)

15.5.5 Mobile pumps

15/11

(1)

15.5.6 Satellite booms

15/12

(1)

15.5.7 Pneumatic placers

15/13

(1)

15.5.8 Condition of pumping equipment

15/13

(1)

15.6 Requirements of a concrete for pumping

15/13

(1)

15.6.1 Segregation pressure

15/14

(1)

15.6.2 Consistence class

15/14

(1)

15.6.3 Controlled bleeding

15/15

(1)

15.6.4 Factors that control bleeding

15/15

(1)

15.7 Effects of aggregates, cement and admixtures on the pumpability of concrete

15/17

(1)

15.7.1 Cement types

15/17

(1)

15.7.2 Aggregates

15/18

(1)

15.7.3 Admixtures

15/20

(1)

15.7.4 Batching and mixing of materials

15/22

(1)

15.8 Modifications to the concrete mix design to ensure pumpability

15/22

(1)

15.9 Void content of aggregate and procedures for measuring void content in combined aggregate grading

15/23

(1)

15.10 Suitable combinations of aggregates for pumpable concrete

15/26

(1)

15.10.1 Suitable gradings

15/26

(1)

15.11 Recognizing pumpable concrete

15/29

(1)

15.12 Pressure bleed test apparatus

15/30

(1)

15.13 Conclusion

15/31

(1)

References

15/32

(1)

16 Concrete construction for liquid-retaining structures

16/1

(1)

Tony Threlfall

16.1 Introduction

16/1

(1)

16.2 Permeability and durability

16/2

(1)

16.2.1 Concrete grades

16/2

(1)

16.2.2 Maximum cement content

16/2

(1)

16.2.3 Concrete cover

16/3

(1)

16.3 Constituent materials

16/3

(1)

16.3.1 Use of ground granulated blastfurnace slag

16/3

(1)

16.3.2 Use of limestone aggregates

16/4

(1)

16.3.3 Aqueous leaching of metals

16/4

(1)

16.4 Cracking and autogenous healing

16/5

(1)

16.4.1 Design crack width

16/6

(1)

16.5 Cracking due to temperature and moisture effects

16/7

(1)

16.5.1 Early thermal cracking

16/7

(1)

16.5.2 External restraint factors and critical temperature changes

16/8

(1)

16.5.3 Methods of control

16/10

(1)

16.5.4 Movement joints

16/10

(1)

16.5.5 Minimum reinforcement for options 1 and 2

16/12

(1)

16.5.6 Crack spacing and crack width

16/13

(1)

16.5.7 Summary of design options and reinforcement requirements in BS 8007

16/14

(1)

16.5.8 Crack prediction models in BS 8007 and EC2: Part 3

16/16

(1)

16.6 Workmanship

16/16

(1)

16.7 Summary

16/17

(1)

References

16/17

(1)

17 Coatings

17/1

(1)

Shaun A. Hurley

17.1 Introduction

17/1

(1)

17.2 Reasons for use

17/2

(1)

17.2.1 Summary of uses

17/2

(1)

17.2.2 The specification of surface coatings/treatments

17/2

(1)

17.2.3 Additional comments

17/5

(1)

17.3 Materials for surface coating/treatment

17/6

(1)

17.4 Surface preparation and application

17/9

(1)

17.4.1 Surface preparation

17/10

(1)

17.4.2 Application

17/12

(1)

17.4.3 Quality control

17/13

(1)

References

17/14

(1)

Further reading

17/14

(1)

Part 4 Readymixed concrete

18 Production of readymixed concrete

18/3

(1)

Steve Crompton

18.1 Development of readymixed concrete

18/3

(1)

18.2 Effects of transportation on concrete properties

18/4

(1)

18.3 Production methods

18/7

(1)

18.3.1 Constraints on plant design

18/7

(1)

18.3.2 Types of plant

18/10

(1)

18.3.3 Weighing systems

18/12

(1)

18.3.4 Computerization

18/13

(1)

18.3.5 Environment considerations

18/13

(1)

18.3.6 Delivery

18/14

(1)

References

18/14

(1)

Part 5 Exposed concrete finishes

19 Weathering of concrete

19/3

(1)

Frank Hawes and the British Cement Association

19.1 Introduction

19/3

(1)

19.2 The inevitability of weathering

19/3

(1)

19.3 Alternative approaches

19/5

(1)

19.4 Weathering on old buildings

19/5

(1)

19.5 The weathering system

19/7

(1)

19.6 Characteristics of concrete

19/8

(1)

19.6.1 Properties of concrete surfaces

19/9

(1)

19.6.2 Performance of concrete surfaces

19/11

(1)

19.6.3 Biological growth on concrete

19/12

(1)

19.6.4 Variability

19/12

(1)

19.7 External factors

19/13

(1)

19.7.1 Climate

19/13

(1)

19.7.2 Wind and rain on buildings

19/15

(1)

19.7.3 Air pollution

19/15

(1)

19.8 The visible effects of weathering

19/20

(1)

19.8.1 Rain and dirt on buildings

19/20

(1)

19.8.2 Movement of water on building facades

19/21

(1)

19.9 Control of weathering

19/25

(1)

19.9.1 Prediction

19/25

(1)

19.9.2 Control

19/26

(1)

References

19/31

(1)

Part 6 Formwork

20 Formwork and falsework

20/3

(1)

P.F. Pallett

20.1 Introduction

20/3

(1)

20.2 Definitions

20/3

(1)

20.3 Formwork

20/4

(1)

20.3.1 Specifications and finishes

20/4

(1)

20.3.2 Tolerances

20/5

(1)

20.3.3 Timber and wood-based products

20/5

(1)

20.3.4 Release agents

20/6

(1)

20.3.5 Formwork ties

20/9

(1)

20.3.6 Proprietary formwork equipment

20/10

(1)

20.3.7 The pressure of concrete - using a tabular approach

20/12

(1)

20.3.8 Controlled permeability formwork

20/14

(1)

20.3.9 Design of wall formwork

20/14

(1)

20.3.10 Soffit formwork

20/16

(1)

20.4 Falsework

20/18

(1)

20.4.1 General

20/18

(1)

20.4.2 Contents of BS 5975

20/18

(1)

20.4.3 Materials used in falsework

20/19

(1)

20.4.4 Loadings

20/19

(1)

20.4.5 Stability of falsework

20/20

(1)

20.4.6 Continuity of members

20/22

(1)

20.5 Striking formwork and falsework

20/23

(1)

20.5.1 Criteria for striking wall and column formwork

20/24

(1)

20.5.2 Criteria for striking soffit formwork - beams and slabs

20/24

(1)

20.5.3 Backpropping slabs in multistorey construction

20/25

(1)

References

20/26

(1)

Part 7 Precast concrete

21 Precast concrete structural elements

21/3

(1)

John Richardson

21.1 Summary

21/3

(1)

21.2 Structural precast concrete

21/4

(1)

21.3 The advantages to be achieved by employing precast concrete

21/4

(1)

21.3.1 Advantages of precast concrete in terms of control and innovation

21/5

(1)

21.4 Principles of precasting

21/7

(1)

21.4.1 The construction sequence

21/7

(1)

21.4.2 Establishing standards

21/9

(1)

21.4.3 Drawings and controls

21/10

(1)

21.4.4 Organizing the precast operation

21/10

(1)

21.4.5 Drawing and documentation control

21/10

(1)

21.4.6 Design of mouldwork and the way up of casting

21/11

(1)

21.4.7 Daily make

21/12

(1)

21.4.8 Mechanical handling

21/12

(1)

21.4.9 Clear shed principle

21/13

(1)

21.4.10 Accelerated curing

21/13

(1)

21.4.11 Condition of stock

21/14

(1)

21.5 Moulds for precast concrete

21/14

(1)

21.6 Casting techniques

21/15

(1)

21.6.1 Concrete supply

21/15

(1)

21.6.2 Static machines

21/16

(1)

21.6.3 Mobile casting machines

21/16

(1)

21.6.4 Casting in individual moulds

21/16

(1)

21.6.5 Tilting tables

21/16

(1)

21.6.6 Gang casting

21/17

(1)

21.6.7 Battery and cell unit casting

21/17

(1)

21.6.8 Long and short line casting

21/18

(1)

21.6.9 Post-tensioned beam production

21/19

(1)

21.6.10 Tilt-up construction

21/20

(1)

21.6.11 Casting massive elements for civil engineering

21/20

(1)

21.7 Curing

21/21

(1)

21.8 Testing and controls

21/22

(1)

21.9 Frame components

21/23

(1)

21.9.1 Structural visual components

21/23

(1)

21.9.2 Flooring

21/26

(1)

21.9.3 Connections

21/26

(1)

21.10 Cladding

21/27

(1)

21.10.1 Surface finishes

21/27

(1)

21.10.2 Brick, the and stone-faced panels

21/29

(1)

21.10.3 Exposed aggregate, textured and featured finishes

21/30

(1)

21.10.4 Reconstructed stone

21/30

(1)

21.10.5 Plain-formed concrete finishes

21/31

(1)

21.10.6 Size of elements

21/31

(1)

21.10.7 Joints in cladding

21/32

(1)

21.10.8 Cladding fixings

21/32

(1)

21.10.9 Weathering

21/32

(1)

21.11 Bridge beams

21/33

(1)

21.12 Double-tee beams

21/33

(1)

21.13 Sea-defence units

21/34

(1)

21.13.1 Dollos units

21/34

(1)

21.13.2 'Shed' units

21/34

(1)

21.13.3 Walling units

21/34

(1)

21.14 Piles

21/34

(1)

21.15 Sleepers

21/35

(1)

21.16 Structural elements for groundwork and support

21/35

(1)

21.16.1 Box culverts

21/35

(1)

21.16.2 Retaining wall units and sound barriers

21/36

(1)

21.16.3 Tunnel segments

21/36

(1)

21.17 Erection at site

21/37

(1)

21.17.1 Delivery

21/37

(1)

21.17.2 Handling equipment

21/37

(1)

21.17.3 Responsibilities

21/38

(1)

21.18 Segmental casting

21/38

(1)

21.18.1 Countcrcasting

21/38

(1)

21.18.2 Incremental launching

21/39

(1)

21.19 Troubleshooting precast concrete

21/39

(1)

21.19.1 Visual defects

21/40

(1)

21.19.2 Structural defects

21/41

(1)

22.19.3 Accuracy of product

21/43

(1)

21.20 Conclusions

21/44

(1)

Case studies

21/45

(1)

References

21/46

(1)

Part 8 Concrete roads

22 Concrete roads and pavements

22/1

(1)

Geoffrey Griffiths

22.1 Introduction

22/1

(1)

22.2 Typical concrete pavement types

22/2

(1)

22.2.1 Jointed unreinforced concrete pavement (URC) description

22/2

(1)

22.2.2 Typical applications for URC pavement

22/3

(1)

22.2.3 Jointed reinforced concrete pavement (JRC) description

22/4

(1)

22.2.4 Typical applications for JRC pavement

22/5

(1)

22.2.5 Description of continuously reinforced concrete pavements CROP

22/5

(1)

22.2.6 CROP applications

22/8

(1)

22.3 Manner of pavement failure

22/8

(1)

22.3.1 Fatigue cracking of concrete

22/8

(1)

22.3.2 Loss of support

22/9

(1)

22.3.3 Frost damage

22/9

(1)

22.3.4 Surface abrasion

22/10

(1)

22.3.5 Skidding characteristics

22/11

(1)

22.4 Design methods

22/11

(1)

22.4.1 The empirical approach

22/11

(1)

22.4.2 The semi-empirical approach

22/12

(1)

22.4.3 Continuous reinforced concrete pavements

22/13

(1)

22.5 Joint design and detailing

22/14

(1)

22.5.1 Transverse contraction joints

22/14

(1)

22.5.2 Longitudinal joints

22/14

(1)

22.5.3 Expansion or isolation joints

22/15

(1)

22.5.4 Typical jointing related problems

22/16

(1)

22.6 Materials and concrete properties

22/17

(1)

22.6.1 Compressive cube strength and tensile strength relationships

22/17

(1)

22.6.2 Slip membranes

22/20

(1)

22.7 Construction methods

22/20

(1)

22.7.1 Traditional techniques

22/20

(1)

22.7.2 Slipforming

22/21

(1)

22.8 Maintenance issues and repair of pavements

22/21

(1)

22.8.1 Emergency repairs

22/22

(1)

22.8.2 Medium-term repairs

22/22

(1)

22.8.3 Long-term repairs

22/23

(1)

22.9 New techniques

22/23

(1)

22.9.1 Fibre-reinforced concrete

22/23

(1)

22.9.2 Thin overlays and white topping

22/23

(1)

22.10 Conclusions

22/24

(1)

References

22/24

(1)

23 Cement-bound materials (CBM)

23/1

(1)

David York

23.1 Introduction

23/1

(1)

23.1.1 Cement-stabilized soil (CSS)

23/1

(1)

23.1.2 Soil cement (SC)

23/2

(1)

23.1.3 Cement-bound granular materials (CBGM)

23/2

(1)

23.1.4 Lean concrete (LC)

23/2

(1)

23.1.5 Roller-compacted concrete (RCC)

23/3

(1)

23.1.6 Modes of failure

23/3

(1)

23.2 Methods of specifying CBM

23/4

(1)

23.2.1 Compressive or tensile strength

23/4

(1)

23.2.2 Designing CBM (the mix)

23/5

(1)

23.2.3 Producing CBM

23/6

(1)

23.2.4 Laying CBM

23/7

(1)

23.2.5 Compacting CBM

23/9

(1)

23.2.6 Curing CBM

23/11

(1)

23.2.7 Testing CBM

23/11

(1)

23.3 Summary

23/12

(1)

References

23/12

(1)

Part 9 Industrial floors

24 Concrete floors

24/3

(1)

Neil Williamson

24.1 Introduction

24/3

(1)

24.1.1 Floor slab function

24/3

(1)

24.1.2 Concrete floor slab design and construction: key issues

24/4

(1)

24.2 Concrete for industrial floors

24/4

(1)

24.2.1 Mix properties

24/4

(1)

24.3 Production issues: consistency

24/12

(1)

24.4 Floor construction

24/14

(1)

24.4.1 Methods

24/14

(1)

24.4.2 The finishing process

24/14

(1)

24.4.3 Planning

24/15

(1)

24.4.4 Supervision and workmanship

24/16

(1)

24.5 Design and loading

24/17

(1)

24.5.1 Structural design

24/18

(1)

24.5.2 Design and workmanship

24/26

(1)

24.6 Floor toppings

24/30

(1)

24.7 Floor specification

24/30

(1)

24.7.1 Tolerances

24/30

(1)

24.7.2 Wearing surface performance

24/32

(1)

24.8 Defect identification and remedial measures

24/34

(1)

24.8.1 Common flooring defects

24/35

(1)

24.8.2 Joint spalling

24/35

(1)

24.8.3 Cracks

24/36

(1)

24.8.4 Delamination

24/37

(1)

24.8.5 Pop outs

24/37

(1)

24.8.6 Dusting

24/37

(1)

Part 10 Reinforced and prestressed concrete

25 Reinforced and prestressed concrete

25/3

(1)

Ban Seng Choo

25.1 Objectives

25/3

(1)

25.2 Principles of limit state design

25/4

(1)

25.2.1 Introduction

25/4

(1)

25.2.2 Permissible stress method

25/4

(1)

25.2.3 Load factor method

25/4

(1)

25.2.4 Limit state method

25/4

(1)

25.3 Structural elements

25/6

(1)

25.4 Design values

25/7

(1)

25.4.1 Actions

25/7

(1)

25.4.2 Materials

25/8

(1)

25.4.3 Partial safety factors

25/8

(1)

25.5 Load testing of simple structures

25/10

(1)

25.6 Behaviour of reinforced concrete beams

25/10

(1)

25.7 Behaviour of prestressed concrete beams

25/14

(1)

25.8 Summary

25/16

(1)

References

25/16

(1)

Part 11 Alternative reinforcement for concrete

26 Alternative reinforcement for concrete

26/3

John L. Clarke

26.1 Aims and objectives

26/3

(1)

26.2 Other types of reinforcement

26/4

(1)

26.2.1 Galvanized steel reinforcement

26/4

(1)

26.2.2 Fusion-bonded epoxy-coated steel reinforcement

26/6

(1)

26.2.3 Stainless steel reinforcement

26/7

(1)

26.3 General introduction to fibre composites

26/8

(1)

26.3.1 Background

26/8

(1)

26.3.2 Materials

26/8

(1)

26.3.3 Manufacturing processes

26/9

(1)

26.3.4 Short-term properties

26/10

(1)

26.3.5 Long-term properties

26/10

(1)

26.3.6 Health and safety

26/11

(1)

26.4 FRP internal reinforcement

26/11

(1)

26.4.1 Review of materials and manufacturing processes

26/11

(1)

26.4.2 Advantages and disadvantages

26/12

(1)

26.4.3 Summary of research

26/12

(1)

26.4.4 Design guidance

26/13

(1)

26.4.5 Applications

26/15

(1)

26.5 FRP prestressing strand

26/16

(1)

26.5.1 Review of materials and manufacturing processess

26/16

(1)

26.5.2 Advantages and disadvantages

26/17

(1)

26.5.3 Summary of research

26/17

(1)

26.5.4 Design guidance

26/18

(1)

26.5.5 Applications

26/19

(1)

26.6 Summary

26/19

(1)

References

26/20

(1)

Further reading

26/21

Index

I/1

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