Advanced Inorganic Fibres

, by Wallenberger, Frederick T.; Naslain, R.; Macchesney, John B.; Ackler, Harold D.

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ISBN: 9780412607905 | 0412607905
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 6/1/2000

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This book serves as an introduction to advanced inorganic fibers and aims to support fundamental research, assist scientists and designers in industry, and facilitate materialsm science instruction in universities and colleges. Its three main sections deal with fibers which are derived from the vapor phase, such as single crystal silicon whiskers or carbon nanotubes, from the liquid phase, such as advanced glass and single crystal oxide fibers, and from solid fibers, such as carbon and ceramic fibers.

SECTION I. INTRODUCTION

F. T. Wallenberger

Fibers from the Vapour Phase

(8)

The most important phase is the liquid phase

(1)

A fibre by any name is still a fiber

(2)

Biographic Sketches of the authors

(1)

Acknowledgements

(4)

SECTION II. FIBERS FORM THE VAPOUR PHASE

F. T. Wallenberger

Short Fibers, Whiskers and Nanotubes

(36)

Advanced vapor phase processes

(15)

Evolution of a technology

(1)

Crystal growth and phase transformations

(1)

Vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth

(1)

Vapor-solid (VS) growth

(2)

Metal catalyzed chemical vapor deposition

(1)

Reaction chemistry

(3)

Controlled whisker growth

(1)

Whisker morphology

(1)

Generic whisker properties

(1)

Laser ablation of whisker precursor alloys

(1)

Hot fiber chemical vapor deposition

(1)

Chemical vapor infiltration

(1)

Carbothermal reduction

(1)

Pyrolytic processes

(1)

Chemical mixing processes

(1)

Self propagating high-temperature synthesis

(1)

Plasma and related processes

(1)

Arc discharge processes

(1)

Laser vaporization and ion bombardment

(1)

Advanced liquid phase processes

(3)

Self-assembly of silver nanowires

(1)

Whiskers from organic solvents

(1)

Whiskers from mesopitch

(1)

Advanced solid phase processes

(1)

Micropillars by lithography and etching

(1)

Selected fiber structures and properties

(9)

Silicon whiskers and nanowhiskers

(4)

Silicon carbide whiskers and nanowhiskers

(1)

Short graphite fibers

(2)

Carbon nanotubes

(1)

Structures

(1)

Properties

(2)

Selected fiber products and applications

(8)

Silicon whiskers and nanowhiskers

(1)

Silicon carbide whiskers and nanowhiskers

(1)

Short carbon and diamond fibers

(1)

Short carbon fiber composites

(1)

Diamond/carbon fiber composites

(1)

Carbon nanotubes

(5)

Continuous or Endless Inorganic Fibers

(34)

Continuous vapor phase processes

(13)

Laser assisted chemical vapor deposition

(1)

The generic process concept

(2)

The low pressure process

(4)

The high pressure process

(1)

Automatic process control

(1)

Conventional chemical vapor deposition

(1)

Commercial hot filament CVD process

(1)

Experimental CVD and PVD processes

(3)

Chemical vapor infiltration processes

(1)

CVI of carbon fibers with silicon oxide

(1)

CVI of boron oxide fibers with ammonia

(1)

CVI of polyborazine fibers with ammonia

(1)

Laser vaporization of carbon-metal mixtures

(1)

Selected structures and properties

(10)

High and low pressure LCVD fibers

(1)

Reactor pressure vs. growth rate

(1)

Tip temperature vs. properties

(1)

Side growth versus tip growth

(1)

Versatility versus whisker processes

(2)

Commercial hot filament CVD fibers

(1)

Sheath/core boron/tungsten fibers

(1)

Sheath/core versus pure boron fibers

(1)

Sheath/core silicon carbide/carbon fibers

(1)

Important CVI and PVD fibers

(1)

Structure - property commonalties

(1)

Straight, coiled and tubular structures

(1)

Fiber strength, modulus and toughness

(1)

Selected products and applications

(11)

B/W and SiC/C fiber reinforced composites

(1)

Rapid evaluation of new fibers by LCVD

(1)

Ultrahigh temperature fibers

(2)

High temperature sensor fibers

(1)

Rapid prototyping of microparts by LCVD

(1)

Evolution of rapid prototyping

(1)

Laser chemical vapor deposition

(1)

Photonic band-gap microstructure

(1)

The future of vapor phase processing

(6)

SECTION III. FIBERS FROM THE LIQUID PHASE

F. T. Wallenberger

H. Ackler

J. MacChesney

Continuous Melt Spinning Processes

(42)

Important melt forming processes

(11)

Principles of fiber formation

(1)

Behavior of viscous melts

(3)

Behavior of inviscid melts

(1)

Generic fiber forming processes

(2)

Structure of melts and fibers

(1)

From melts to fibers

(1)

Fiber structure versus modulus

(3)

Fiber structure versus strength

(1)

Forming glass fibers from strong melts

(3)

Downdrawing from solid preforms

(1)

Structural silica fibers

(1)

Optical silica fibers

(1)

Melt spinning from strong silicate melts

(1)

Structural silicate glass fibers

(1)

Product design parameters

(1)

General and special purpose fibers

(1)

Forming glass fibers from fragile melts

(8)

Glass fibers from fragile silicate melts

(2)

Melt spinning from supercooled melts

(1)

Single and double crucible processes

(1)

Single and bicomponent fluoride fibers

(1)

Updrawing from supercooled melts

(1)

Updrawing of tellurite glass fibers

(1)

Updrawing of aluminate glass fibers

(2)

Hybrid fiber forming processes

100

(1)

Quaternary calcium aluminate fibers

101

(1)

Fiber properties

101

(1)

Potential applications

102

(1)

Forming amorphous fibers from inviscid liquids

103

(10)

Attainment of fiber forming viscosities

103

(1)

Rapid solidification (RS) processes

103

(1)

Amorphous metal ribbons

104

(1)

Products and applications

105

(1)

Inviscid melt spinning (IMS) processes

105

(1)

Principles of jet and fiber formation

106

(1)

Principles of increasing the jet lifetime

107

(1)

Oxide fibers from containerless, laser heated melts

107

(1)

Metal fibers in a reactive environment

108

(2)

Oxide glass fibers in a reactive environment

110

(1)

Mechanism of jet solidification

111

(2)

Cryogenic fibers from liquefied gasses

113

(1)

Growing single crystal fibers from inviscid melts

113

(10)

Edge defined film fed growth

113

(1)

Growth of sapphire fibers

114

(1)

Process versatility

114

(1)

Laser heated float zone growth

115

(1)

Growth of single crystal fibers

115

(1)

High Tc superconducting fibers

116

(2)

The future of single crystal oxide fibers

118

(1)

Single crystal sapphire fibers

118

(1)

Other single crystal oxide fibers

119

(4)

Continuous Solvent Spinning Processes

123

(6)

Dry spinning of silica glass fibers

123

(5)

Process concepts

123

(1)

Pure silica fibers from water glass solutions

124

(2)

Ultrapure silica fibers from sol-gels

126

(2)

Silica fibers by other processes

128

(1)

Structural Silicate and Silica Glass Fibers

129

(76)

General purpose silicate glass fibers

129

(7)

Commercial fiber forming processes

129

(1)

Commercial commodity glass fibers

130

(1)

Evolution of borosilicate E-glass fibers

130

(1)

Boron- and fluorine-free E-glass fibers

131

(1)

Structures and properties

132

(1)

Mechanical properties

132

(1)

Other fiber properties

133

(1)

Commercial products and applications

134

(2)

Special purpose silicate glass fibers

136

(17)

High strength - high temperature fibers

136

(1)

Process and products

136

(3)

Properties and applications

139

(1)

High modulus - high temperature fibers

140

(1)

Ultrahigh modulus glass-ceramic fibers

141

(1)

Process and products

142

(2)

Properties and applications

144

(1)

Fibers with high chemical stability

145

(1)

Chemical resistance of glass fibers

145

(1)

Alkali resistant glass fibers

146

(2)

Acid resistant glass fibers

148

(1)

Other special purpose fibers

149

(1)

Fibers with low dielectric constants

149

(1)

Fibers with high densities and high dielectric constants

150

(1)

Fibers with very high dielectric constants

151

(1)

Fibers with super- and semiconducting properties

152

(1)

Fibers with bone bioactive glass compositions

153

(1)

Non-round, bicomponent and hollow fibers

153

(9)

Silicate glass fibers with non-round cross sections

154

(1)

Processes and structures

154

(1)

Products and applications

155

(1)

Structural bicomponent silicate glass fibers

156

(1)

Sheath/core and side-by-side bicomponent fibers

156

(1)

Hollow sheath/core silicate glass fibers

156

(2)

Hollow porous sheath/core silicate glass fibers

158

(1)

Hollow superconducting sheath/core glass fibers

158

(2)

Solid side-by-side bicomponent glass fibers

160

(2)

High temperature silica glass fibers

162

(7)

Value-in-use of silica glass fibers

162

(1)

Ultrapure silica fibers from solid preforms

163

(1)

Ultrapure and pure silica fibers from solutions

164

(1)

High silica fibers by leaching of borosilicate fibers

165

(4)

Optical Silica Fibers

169

H. Ackler

J. MacChesney

Introduction

169

(1)

Principles of optical transmission

169

(11)

Wave guide physics

169

(2)

Step index fibers

171

(1)

Graded index fibers

172

(1)

Optical loss

172

(1)

Scattering

173

(1)

Absorption

173

(1)

Dispersion

174

(5)

Birefringence

179

(1)

Fabrication of optical fibers

180

(11)

Fabrication of preforms

181

(1)

Double crucible method

181

(2)

Outside vapor deposition (OVD and VAD)

183

(2)

Modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD)

185

(2)

Chemical equilibria

187

(2)

Thermophoretic deposition and sintering

189

(1)

Plasma chemical vapor deposition (PCVD)

190

(1)

Fiber drawing process

191

(2)

The drawing tower

191

(1)

Protective fiber coatings

192

(1)

Sol-gel processing

193

(1)

Applications of optical fiber devices

194

(4)

Optical amplifiers

195

(1)

Fiber gratings as mirrors and filters

196

(1)

Strain sensor and other applications

197

(1)

Summary and outlook

198

(7)

SECTION IV. FIBERS FROM SOLID PRECURSOR FIBERS

R. Naslain

Ceramic Oxide Fibers from Sol-Gels and Slurries

205

(28)

General considerations

205

(2)

The generic sol-gel process

205

(1)

The starting materials

205

(1)

The gelation step

206

(1)

The drying step

207

(1)

The calcination and sintering steps

207

(1)

Alumina and alumina based fibers

207

(18)

General considerations

207

(2)

Processing of alumina based fibers

209

(1)

Polycrystalline alumina fibers

210

(1)

Transition alumina fibers

211

(1)

Mullite and related fibers

212

(3)

Alumina-zirconia fibers

215

(1)

Structure and microstructure

216

(1)

Transition alumina fibers

216

(1)

Mullite and related fibers

216

(2)

Corundum and related fibers

218

(1)

Mechanical properties

219

(1)

At room temperature

219

(3)

At high temperature

222

(2)

Physical properties

224

(1)

Applications

225

(1)

Zirconia based fibers

225

(2)

General considerations

225

(1)

Processing of zirconia based fibers

226

(1)

Fibers from zirconia sols

226

(1)

Fibers from polyzirconoxanes

226

(1)

Properties and applications

227

(1)

Yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) fibers

227

(6)

General considerations

227

(1)

Processing of YAG fibers

228

(1)

From diphasic gels

228

(1)

From polymer precursors

228

(1)

From YAG powders

228

(1)

Properties and applications

228

(1)

Applications

229

(4)

Carbon Fibers from Pan and Pitch

233

(32)

General considerations

233

(2)

History of carbon fibers

233

(1)

Elemental carbon

233

(2)

Classification of carbon fibers

235

(1)

Processing of carbon fibers

235

(10)

Principles of fiber formation

235

(2)

From polyacrylonitrile based precursor fibers

237

(1)

Nature of the precursor

237

(1)

Spinning of PAN based precursor

237

(1)

Stretching

237

(1)

Stabilization

237

(1)

Carbonization

238

(1)

Post heat treatment

239

(1)

From pitch based precursor fibers

239

(1)

Nature of pitches

239

(1)

The carbonaceous mesophase stage

240

(3)

Spinning and stabilization

243

(2)

Carbonization and graphitization

245

(1)

Structure of carbon fibers

245

(5)

Structural parameters

245

(2)

Microtexture

247

(1)

PAN based high tenacity carbon fibers

247

(1)

PAN based high modulus carbon fibers

247

(1)

Mesopitch (MP)based carbon fibers

247

(3)

Properties of carbon fibers

250

(11)

Mechanical Properties

252

Young's modulus

250

(3)

Tensile strength

253

(3)

Compressive strength

256

(1)

High temperature properties

256

(1)

Thermal and electrical properties

257

(1)

Thermal expansion

257

(1)

Transport properties

258

(1)

Oxidation of carbon fibers

259

(2)

Coated carbon fibers

261

(1)

Applications

261

(4)

Silicon Carbide and Oxycarbide Fibers

265

(34)

General considerations

265

(1)

Preparation of Si-C-0 fibers

266

(6)

The Yajima process

267

(2)

Melt spinning of PCS fibers

269

(1)

Stabilization and curing

269

(1)

Pyrolysis of PCS fibers

270

(2)

Related Si-C-0 (Ti) fibers

272

(1)

Preparation of oxygen-free Si-C fibers

272

(3)

From radiation cured PCS precursor fibers

272

(3)

From infusible PCS precursor fibers

275

(1)

Preparation of quasi-stoichiometric SiC fibers

275

(1)

Pyrolysis of PCS precursor fibers under hydrogen

275

(1)

Pyrolysis of boron doped PCS precursor fibers

275

(1)

From extruded SiC powder/polymer mixtures

276

(1)

Structure of silicon carbide fibers

276

(4)

Silicon oxycarbide fibers

276

(3)

Silicon carbide fibers

279

(1)

Thermal stability of silicon fibers

280

(4)

Silicon oxycarbide fibers

281

(2)

Silicon carbide fibers

283

(1)

Mechanical properties of SiC fibers

284

(7)

At room temperature

284

(3)

At high temperatures

287

(1)

Tensile tests

287

(1)

Creep tests

288

(3)

Bend stress relaxation test

291

(1)

Oxidation of silicon carbide fibers

291

(2)

Transport properties of SiC fibers

293

(2)

Applications

295

(4)

Silicon Nitride and Boride Based Fibers

299

(16)

General considerations

299

(1)

Si-C-N-0 and Si-C-N fibers

299

(306)

Processing

299

(1)

From polysilazane (PSZ) fibers

299

(1)

From polycarbosilazane (PCSZ) fibers

300

(1)

Structure and properties

301

(1)

Fiber structure

302

(1)

Thermal stability

302

(2)

Mechanical properties

304

(1)

Oxidation resistance

304

(2)

Other properties

306

(1)

Si-N-0 and Si-N fibers

306

(3)

Processing

306

(1)

From Yajima type polycarbosilane (PCS) fibers

306

(1)

From perhydropolysilazane (PHPS) fibers

307

(1)

From other polysilazane fibers

308

(1)

Structure and properties

308

(1)

Thermal properties

308

(1)

Mechanical properties

309

(1)

Other properties

309

(1)

Si-B-0-N, Si-B-N and Si-B-N-C fibers

309

(2)

Processing

309

(1)

From perhydropolysilazane (PHPSZ) fibers

310

(1)

From trichlorosilylamino-dichloroborane (TADB) fibers

311

(1)

Structures and properties

311

(1)

Structure and thermal stability

311

(1)

Mechanical properties

311

(1)

Applications

311

(4)

Applications of Carbon and Ceramic Fibers

315

(16)

Fiber applications

315

(1)

Composite applications

316

(15)

Polymer matrix composites

316

(4)

Metal matrix composites

320

(2)

Carbon and ceramic matrix composites

322

(9)

Acronyms

331

(4)

Glossary

335

(6)

Index

341

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Advanced Inorganic Fibres

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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