Advanced Technologies for Radio Access

As the demand for and the variety of 3G services increase, more advanced hardware and software technologies will be needed to enhance the mobile radio communications infrastructure. This forward-looking book delivers a comprehensive overview of the advanced technologies driving the evolution of mobile radio access networks, focusing on high-level architectural issues and system engineering. The book highlights the advantages and drawbacks of these advanced technologies and helps you make strategic decisions on R& D planning and system deployment.

Y. Jay Guo is the manager of system strategy with Mobisphere Ltd.

Acknowledgments

ix

Chapter 1 Introduction

1

(10)

1.1 Future Evolution of Mobile Radio Access Networks

2

(3)

1.2 Outline of the Book

5

(5)

References

10

(1)

Chapter 2 Emerging Radio Technologies

11

(22)

2.1 Linearized Transmitters

12

(2)

2.2 Superconducting Filters and Cryogenic Receiver Front End

14

(4)

2.2.1 Superconducting Filters

15

(2)

2.2.2 Cryogenic Receiver Front End

17

(1)

2.2.3 Application in CDMA Systems

17

(1)

2.3 Remote Radio Head and Radio over Fiber

18

(4)

2.4 Software Radio Base Stations

22

(7)

2.4.1 Hardware Architecture

23

(3)

2.4.2 Software Architecture

26

(3)

2.5 Concluding Remarks

29

(1)

References

30

(3)

Chapter 3 Mobile Terminal Positioning

33

(24)

3.1 Overview of Positioning Techniques

34

(6)

3.1.1 Cell ID

34

(1)

3.1.2 Angle of Arrival Measurement

35

(1)

3.1.3 Time of Arrival Measurement

36

(1)

3.1.4 Time Difference of Arrival Measurement

36

(2)

3.1.5 Assisted GPS

38

(2)

3.2 Positioning Techniques in UTRAN

40

(8)

3.2.1 Assisted GPS

40

(1)

3.2.2 OTDOA

41

(2)

3.2.3 Hearability Problem and Countermeasures

43

(4)

3.2.4 Uplink TDOA

47

(1)

3.3 UTRAN LCS Architecture

48

(4)

3.3.1 LCS Operations

48

(1)

3.3.2 Location Measurement Unit

49

(3)

3.3.3 Functions of Terminals

52

(1)

3.3.4 Stand-Alone SMLC

52

(1)

3.4 Concluding Remarks

52

(1)

References

53

(1)

Appendix 3A: OTDOA Using Circular Variant

54

(3)

Chapter 4 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access

57

(44)

4.1 Fundamental Principles

58

(11)

4.1.1 Adaptive Modulation and Coding

58

(2)

4.1.2 Hybrid ARQ

60

(6)

4.1.3 Fast Scheduler

66

(3)

4.2 HS-DSCH and Associated Channels

69

(9)

4.2.1 Coding for HS-DSCH Data Block

73

(3)

4.2.2 HS-SCCH

76

(1)

4.2.3 Channel Coding for HS-DPCCH

77

(1)

4.3 MAC-hs

78

(4)

4.3.1 Scheduler

81

(1)

4.3.2 HARQ Unit

81

(1)

4.3.3 Interworking within MAC-hs

82

(1)

4.4 Radio Resource Management

82

(2)

4.5 Mobility Procedures

84

(5)

4.5.1 Intranode B Serving HS-DSCH Cell Change

85

(2)

4.5.2 Internode B Serving HS-DSCH Cell Change

87

(2)

4.6 HSDPA Impact on Mobile Terminals

89

(6)

4.6.1 Terminal Operation

89

(4)

4.6.2 Buffering Complexity

93

(1)

4.6.3 Signal Processing Required

93

(2)

4.7 HSDPA Protocol Architecture

95

(1)

4.8 HSDPA Deployment

96

(2)

4.9 Concluding Remarks

98

(1)

References

99

(2)

Chapter 5 Multiple Antennas

101

(40)

5.1 Smart Antennas

102

(24)

5.1.1 RF Beamforming: Adaptive Sectorization

103

(4)

5.1.2 Adaptive Digital Beamforming

107

(14)

5.1.3 Antenna Configuration

121

(3)

5.1.4 Practical Issues

124

(2)

5.2 Transmit Diversity Antennas

126

(5)

5.2.1 Space Time Block Coding

127

(2)

5.2.2 Space Time Transmit Diversity

129

(1)

5.2.3 Comparison of Smart Antennas and Transmit Diversity

130

(1)

5.3 Multiple Input Multiple Output Systems

131

(4)

5.4 Concluding Remarks

135

(1)

References

136

(2)

Appendix 5A: Proof of the Convergence of IBS

138

(3)

Chapter 6 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Systems

141

(22)

6.1 Multipath and OFDM

141

(3)

6.2 Basic OFDM Transmitters and Receivers

144

(2)

6.3 Practical Issues

146

(5)

6.3.1 Peak-to-Average Power Ratio

147

(2)

6.3.2 Guard Interval

149

(1)

6.3.3 Frequency Offset

150

(1)

6.3.4 Phase Noise

151

(1)

6.4 OFDM/IOTA

151

(5)

6.5 OFDMA for Mobile Radio Access Systems

156

(5)

6.5.1 IEEE 802 Systems

156

(2)

6.5.2 NTT DoCoMo's 4G System

158

(1)

6.5.3 OFDM/IOTA for HSDPA in UTRAN

159

(2)

6.6 Concluding Remarks

161

(1)

References

162

(1)

Chapter 7 RAN Architecture Evolution

163

(30)

7.1 Mobile IP

164

(3)

7.2 Fast Handover in Mobile IPv6

167

(4)

7.2.1 Fast Handover Protocol

168

(3)

7.2.2 Three-Party Handover

171

(1)

7.3 HMIPv6

171

(5)

7.3.1 Mobile Node Operation

175

(1)

7.3.2 MAP Operations

175

(1)

7.4 IF Transport in UTRAN

176

(1)

7.5 IP in UMTS Core Networks

177

(3)

7.5.1 UTRA Core Network

177

(3)

7.5.2 CDMA2000 1x Core Network

180

(1)

7.6 IP-Based RAN

180

(5)

7.6.1 Architecture Changes

181

(2)

7.6.2 Potential Benefits of the IP-Based RAN

183

(2)

7.7 Industrial Proposals

185

(3)

7.8 Software-Defined Network Node (SDNN)

188

(2)

7.9 Concluding Remarks

190

(1)

References

190

(3)

Chapter 8 Autonomic Networks

193

(28)

8.1 O&M of Mobile Radio Networks

194

(6)

8.1.1 Configuration Management

194

(1)

8.1.2 Performance Management

194

(1)

8.1.3 Fault Management

195

(1)

8.1.4 State Management

196

(1)

8.1.5 Software Management

197

(1)

8.1.6 Inventory Management

197

(1)

8.1.7 Security Management

197

(1)

8.1.8 3GPP Architecture of Network Management

197

(3)

8.2 Fundamentals of Autonomic Networks

200

(1)

8.3 Self-Optimization

200

(3)

8.4 Fault Management and Self-Healing

203

(2)

8.5 Application of Artificial Intelligence

205

(6)

8.5.1 Alarm Filtering and Correlation

206

(1)

8.5.2 Neural Networks for Alarm Correlation

206

(1)

8.5.3 Bayesian Belief Networks for Alarm Correlation

207

(3)

8.5.4 Fault Identification with Cased-Based Reasoning

210

(1)

8.6 A Hybrid AI Approach to Self-Healing Networks

211

(2)

8.7 Distributed Network Management

213

(3)

8.8 Simple Network Management Protocol

216

(3)

8.9 Concluding Remarks

219

(1)

References

219

(2)

Chapter 9 Ubiquitous Networks

221

(16)

9.1 Requirement on the Network

222

(1)

9.2 The Convergence of Mobile Networks

223

(11)

9.2.1 The 3G Path

224

(3)

9.2.2 The IEEE 802 Path

227

(7)

9.3 Concluding Remarks

234

(1)

References

235

(2)

About the Author

237

(2)

Index

239

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Advanced Technologies for Radio Access Networks

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials