Advanced Unsaturated Soil Mechanics and

Analytical and comprehensive, this state-of-the-art book, examines the mechanics and engineering of unsaturated soils, as well as explaining the laboratory and field testing and research that are the logical basis of this modern approach to safe construction in these hazardous geomaterials; putting them into a logical framework for civil engineering and design. The book: illustrates the importance of state-dependent soil-water characteristic curves highlights modern soil testing of unsaturated soil behaviour, including accurate measurement of total volume changes and the measurement of anisotropic soil stiffness at very small strains introduces an advanced state-dependent elasto-plastic constitutive model for both saturated and unsaturated soil demonstrates the power of numerical analysis which is at the heart of modern soil mechanics studies and simulates the behaviour of loose fills from unsaturated to saturated states; explains the difference between strain-softening and static liquefaction, and describes real applications in unsaturated soil slope engineering includes purpose-designed field trials to capture the effects of two independent stress variables, and reports comprehensive measurements of soil suction, water contents, stress changes and ground deformations in both bare and grassed slopes introduces a new conjunctive surface and subsurface transient flow model for realistically analysing rainfall infiltration in unsaturated soil slopes, and illustrates the importance of the flow model in slope engineering. Including constitutive and numerical modelling, this volume will interest students and professionals studying or working in the areas of geotechnical engineering and the built environment.

Charles W.W. Ng is Professor of Civil Engineering at Hong Kong University of Science and Technology where he is also Director of the Geotechnical Centrifuge Facility and Associate Dean of Engineering Bruce Menzies is a winner of the British Geotechnical Association Prize 2002. He is Chairman of GDS

Authors' biographical details	p. xiii
Preface	p. xiv
Acknowledgements	p. xvii
Physical and flow characteristics of unsaturated soils	p. 1
Part 1 Frontispiece	p. 2
Chapter synopses	p. 3
Basic physics, phases and stress state variables	p. 5
Sources	p. 5
Introduction (Fredlund, 1996)	p. 5
Four-phase materials (Fredlund and Rahardjo, 1993)	p. 20
Cavitation (Young, 1989; Marinho, 1995; Marinho and de Sousa Pinto, 1997)	p. 24
Measurement and control of suction: methods and applications	p. 31
Sources	p. 31
Theory of soil suction (Fredlund and Rahardjo, 1993)	p. 32
The capillary model	p. 32
Suction control and measurement methods (Ng and Chen, 2005, 2006; Ng et al., 2007a)	p. 36
Suction measuring devices (Fredlund and Rahardjo, 1993; Ridley and Wray, 1995; Feng and Fredlund, 2003)	p. 63
Case study: comparisons of in situ suction measurements (Harrison and Blight, 2000)	p. 87
Flow laws, seepage and state-dependent soil-water characteristics	p. 93
Sources	p. 93
Flow laws for water and air (Fredlund and Rahardjo, 1993)	p. 94
Soil-water characteristic curves and water permeability functions (Fredlund et al., 2001a, 2002)	p. 122
The state-dependent soil-water characteristic curve: a laboratory investigation (Ng and Pang, 2000a,b)	p. 147
Generalised triaxial apparatus for determination of the state-dependent soil-water characteristic curve (Ng et al., 2001a)	p. 166
Measurements of the state-dependent soil-water characteristic curve in a centrifuge (Khanzode et al., 2002)	p. 168
Steady-state and transient flows (Fredlund and Rahardjo, 1993)	p. 174
Analytical analysis of rainfall infiltration mechanism in unsaturated soils (Zhan and Ng, 2004)	p. 194
Collapse, swelling, strength and stiffness of unsaturated soils	p. 221
Part 2 Frontispiece	p. 222
Chapter synopses	p. 224
Collapse and swelling caused by wetting	p. 227
Sources	p. 227
Overview	p. 227
Collapsible soils (Bell and Culshaw, 2001; Houston, 1995; Fredlund, 1996)	p. 228
Concept of virgin and non-virgin fills (Ng et al., 1998)	p. 240
Estimations of foundation settlements (Houston, 1995)	p. 249
Mitigation measures against collapsible soils (Houston, 1995)	p. 250
Expansive soils (Bell and Culshaw, 2001; Tripathy et al., 2002)	p. 252
Design of foundations on expansive swelling soils (Jimenez-Salas, 1995)	p. 273
Measurement of shear strength and shear behaviour of unsaturated soils	p. 279
Sources	p. 279
Introduction to shear strength (Fredlund and Rahardjo, 1993)	p. 280
A new simple system for measuring volume changes of unsaturated soils in the triaxial cell (Ng et al., 2002a)	p. 287
Comparisons of axis-translation and osmotic techniques for shear testing of unsaturated soils (Ng et al., 2007)	p. 294
Extended Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion (Fredlund and Rahardjo, 1993)	p. 307
The relationship of the unsaturated soil shear strength to the soil-water characteristic curve (Fredlund et al., 1996)	p. 313
Effects of soil suction on dilatancy of an unsaturated soil (Ng and Zhou, 2005)	p. 326
Behaviour of a loosely compacted unsaturated volcanic soil (Ng and Chiu, 2001)	p. 335
Laboratory study of a loose saturated and unsaturated decomposed granitic soil (Ng and Chiu, 2003a)	p. 358
Measurement of shear stiffness	p. 380
Sources	p. 380
Introduction (Ng et al., 2000b)	p. 380
Effects of initial water contents on small strain shear stiffness of sands (Qian et al., 1993)	p. 382
Effects of suction on elastic shear modulus of quartz silt and decomposed granite (silty sand)	p. 394
Anisotropic shear stiffness of completely decomposed tuff (clayey silt) (Ng and Yung, 2007)	p. 408
State-dependent elasto-plastic modelling of unsaturated soil	p. 431
Part 3 Frontispiece	p. 432
Chapter synopsis	p. 433
A state-dependent elasto-plastic critical state-based constitutive model	p. 435
Sources	p. 435
Introduction	p. 435
Mathematical formulations	p. 436
Determination of model parameters	p. 447
Comparisons between model predictions and experimental results for decomposed granite	p. 457
Comparisons between model predictions and experimental results for decomposed volcanic soil	p. 463
Summary	p. 466
Field trials and numerical studies in slope engineering of unsaturated soils	p. 469
Part 4 Frontispiece	p. 470
Chapter synopses	p. 471
Instrumentation and performance: A case study in slope engineering	p. 473
Source	p. 473
The South-to-North Water Transfer Project, China (Ng et al., 2003)	p. 473
Engineering applications for slope stability	p. 501
Sources	p. 501
Methods of slope stability analysis in unsaturated soils (Fredlund and Rahardjo, 1993)	p. 502
Three-dimensional numerical parametric study of rainfall infiltration into an unsaturated soil slope (Ng et al., 2001b)	p. 515
Influence of state-dependent soil-water characteristic curve and wetting and drying on slope stability (Ng and Pang, 2000b)	p. 537
Effects of state-dependent soil-water characteristic curves and damming on slope stability (Ng and Lai, 2004)	p. 547
Fundamentals of recompaction of unsaturated loose fill slopes (Ng and Zhan, 2001)	p. 559
Effects of surface cover and impeding layers on slope stability (Ng and Pang, 1998a)	p. 567
Numerical experiments of soil nails in loose fill slopes subjected to rainfall infiltration effects (Cheuk et al., 2005)	p. 575
Effects of conjunctive modelling on slope stability (Tung et al., 2004)	p. 599
Appendix	p. 611
Notation	p. 618
References	p. 621
Author Index	p. 648
Subject Index	p. 654
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Advanced Unsaturated Soil Mechanics and Engineering

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