Advances In Animal Alternatives For Safety And Efficacy Testing

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ISBN: 9781560326236 | 1560326239
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 11/12/1997

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Presents up-to-date concepts and approaches to the theory and practice of alternatives to animal testing and promotes technology transfer. The text addresses some of the ramifications of the National Institutes of Health Revitalization Act of 1993 which instructs the NIH to fund replacement, reduction and refinement alternatives. It also describes the likely impact of the European Union's Cosmetic Directive, which bans marketing of animal tested cosmetics in Europe after 1997 if alternatives are available. Contributions are grouped into five categories including: dermal toxicity; immunotoxicity; neurotoxicity; and oral/dermal/ocular validation.

Contributors

xiii

(6)

Preface

xix

PART I DERMAL TOXICITY

(108)

CHAPTER 1 Pseudo-Epidermis: An In Vitro Surrogate for the Study of Cutaneous Sulfur Mustard Toxicity

(18)

I. A. Bernstein

L. I. Bernstam

E. Gasiciel

A. Kotlyar

P. P. Lin

Y. P. Pu

F. L. Vaughan

Y. Yang

CHAPTER 2 Refinement of an Endpoint for Measuring Skin Decontaminant Efficacy

(6)

J. A. Blank

Ronald G. Menton

C. T. Olson

D. W. Hobson

T. H. Snider

D. W. Korte, Jr.

CHAPTER 3 An In Vitro Model for Skin Reconstruction

(10)

R. Fleischmajer

E. D. MacDonald

P. Contard

J. S. Perlish

CHAPTER 4 Critique of Cell Culture Methods in Skin Permeability Assessment

(12)

Gordon L. Flynn

CHAPTER 5 The Local Lymph Node Assay and Other Approaches to the Evaluation of Skin Sensitizing Potential

(6)

Ian Kimber

CHAPTER 6 The Alternative to Animals for Assessing Topical Irritants Is Humans

(4)

Albert M. Kligman

CHAPTER 7 Hexose Monophosphate Shunt Activity in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes Exposed to Sulfur Mustard

(6)

Margaret E. Martens

CHAPTER 8 What Is Irritant Dermatitis? A Biological Approach

(24)

Sunita Patil

K. Lamintausta

Howard I. Maibach

CHAPTER 9 Skin(2): An In Vitro Tissue Model for Assessment of Cutaneous Safety and Efficacy Needs

(10)

Lawrence A. Rheins

Tracy A. Donnelly

Susan M. Edwards

CHAPTER 10 Biochemical and Flow Cytometric Studies of the Mechanism of Action of Sulfur Mustard Using Human Cells In Culture

(4)

William J. Smith

Margaret E. Martens

Clark L. Gross

Offie E. Clark

Fred M. Cowan

CHAPTER 11 A Multiphase Screen for the Evaluation of Topical Skin Protectants Against Chemical Warfare Agents

103

(8)

T. H. Snider

Ronald G. Menton

D. W. Hobson

D. W. Korte, Jr.

PART II DEVELOPMENTAL REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY

111

(82)

CHAPTER 12 Induction of Low-Molecular-Weight Heat-Shock Proteins in Drosophila and Human Embryonic Lineage Cells After Teratogen Exposure

111

(14)

Nicole Bournias-Vardiabasis

Kuyng-Won Huh

Keri Hopkins

Tae-Wook Chun

CHAPTER 13 Using Invariants of Swimming Motion in Biotoxicity Testing via Computerized Microscopy

125

(34)

David K. Cohoon

R. James Swanson

Ronald J. Young

CHAPTER 14 Computation of Developmental Toxicity Potential by QSTR Models in the TOPKAT Program

159

(10)

Kurt Enslein

Vijay K. Gombar

Benjamin W. Blake

James R. Carter

CHAPTER 15 Activity Profiles of Developmental Toxicity

169

(6)

Robert J. Kavlock

CHAPTER 16 Screening of Populations of Women at Risk for Reproductive Failure Using Cultured Rodent Embryos

175

(6)

Norman W. Klein

CHAPTER 17 Continued Evaluation and Application of a Bioluminescent Bacterial Genotoxicity Test

181

(12)

W. -D. Wang

T. S. C. Sun

H. M. Stahr

PART III IMMUNOTOXICITY

193

(16)

CHAPTER 18 Cytokine Gene Expression and Allergic Contact Dermatitis

193

(6)

Craig A. Elmets

CHAPTER 19 Strategies for Developing Alternative Methods to Assess Contact Allergens

199

(10)

Anthony A. Gaspari

PART IV NEUROTOXICITY

209

(42)

CHAPTER 20 Astrocytes as Target Site for Neurotoxicity

209

(14)

Michael Aschner

CHAPTER 21 Altered Angiotensin-Induced Drinking as a Noninvasive Behavioral Biomarker of Neonatal Glutamic Acid Neurotoxicity in the Rat

223

(6)

Florence A. Caputo

Andrew C. Scallet

CHAPTER 22 Cell Cultures for Screening of Antiesterase Compounds

229

(6)

Marion Ehrich

CHAPTER 23 Mechanistic Neurotoxicity Studies Using PC12 Cells

235

(8)

Gary E. Isom

A. G. Kanthasamy

J. L. Borowitz

CHAPTER 24 MDCK: An Epithelial Cell Line Model of the Blood-Brain Barrier and Its Response to Cholinesterase Inhibitors

243

(8)

Bellina Veronesi

Marion Ehrich

PART V ORAL DERMAL OCULAR VALIDATION

251

(194)

CHAPTER 25 The Blood-Perfused Pig Ear: A Potential In Vitro Alternative for Dermal Permeation and Toxicity Studies

251

(10)

Piet Bruijnzeel

Jan de Lange

Govert van der Schans

Graham Elliott

CHAPTER 26 Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Test Validation as an Alternative to the Draize Eye Irritation Assay

261

(8)

D. Cerven

O. Moreno

CHAPTER 27 Metabolism of Humans and Animals Compared by Organ Cultures

269

(8)

Byong Han (Paul) Chin

CHAPTER 28 Sulfur Mustard-Increased Proteolysis in Cultured Human Cells

277

(8)

Fred M. Cowan

Clarence A. Broomfield

William J. Smith

CHAPTER 29 Evaluation of Two In Vitro Human Skin Equivalents (Epiderm(TM) and Skin(2)(TM) Model ZK1300) for Assessing the Skin Irritation Potential of Personal Care Products and Chemicals

285

(8)

Joanna M. Doyle

William E. Dressler

S. R. Rachui

CHAPTER 30 Strategies of Applications of In Vitro Methods to the Development of Pharmaceuticals and Devices

293

(10)

Shayne C. Gad

CHAPTER 31 A Modular Approach to Validation--A Work in Progress

303

(6)

Alan M. Goldberg

Leonardo D. Epstein

Joanne Zurlo

CHAPTER 32 Evaluation of the CORROSITEX Method to Determine the Corrosivity Potential of Surfactants, Surfactant-Based Formulations, Chemicals, and Mixtures

309

(22)

Virginia C. Gordon

Soheila Mirhashemi

Rosalind Wei

CHAPTER 33 Comparison Study of In Vitro and In Vivo Results on Textile Fabric Extracts for Assessing Dermal Irritancy Potential to Industrial Workers

331

(8)

Virginia C. Gordon

K. Harris

Howard I. Maibach

Sunita Patil

CHAPTER 34 Validation Issues for Alternatives Testing

339

(8)

Stanley B. Gross

CHAPTER 35 Intra- and Interlaboratory Reproducibility of EpiDerm, an In Vitro Model for Dermal Irritancy Testing

347

(12)

M. Klausner

P. J. Neal

C. L. Cannon

J. Kubilus

R. D. Curren

J. W. Harbell

CHAPTER 36 Primary Human Hepatocytes as an In Vitro Toxicology System

359

(10)

Albert P. Li

Dale J. Beck

Linda J. Loretz

Lilly Xu

Asenath Rasmussen

Jill C. Merrill

Donald L. Kaminski

CHAPTER 37 Review of the Up-and-Down Method for Acute Toxicity Determination

369

(6)

Robert L. Lipnick

Joseph A. Cotruvo

Richard N. Hill

Robert D. Bruce

Katherine A. Stitzel

Arthur P. Walker

Ih Chu

Michael J. Goddard

Larry M. Segal

Janet A. Springer

Roy C. Myers

CHAPTER 38 Skin Partitions as a Screen for Dermal Permeability

375

(6)

D. R. Mattie

James N. McDougal

CHAPTER 39 Reduction of Animal Utilization in Dermal Toxicologic Studies

381

(6)

Ronald G. Menton

J. A. Blank

T. H. Snider

C. T. Olson

D. W. Korte, Jr

CHAPTER 40 Computerized In Vitro Test for Chemical Toxicity Based on Tetrahymena Swimming Patterns

387

(12)

David A. Noever

Helen C. Matsos

Raymond J. Cronise

Loren L. Looger

Rachna A. Relwani

Jacqueline U. Johnson

CHAPTER 41 Renal Alterations Following Sublethal Mercury Toxicity: A Fish Model for Aquatic Environmental Contamination

399

(4)

R. Reimschuessel

C. M. Gonzalez

CHAPTER 42 A Nonlethal, Anesthetized Canine Model Used to Reduce the Number of Animals Required to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Pretreatment Compounds Challenged with Toxic Concentrations of Cyanide

403

(6)

J. A. Vick

M. T. Marino

L. D. Brown

A. Kaminskis

J. von Bredow

T. Brewer

CHAPTER 43 Confocal Microscopy and Calcium Images of Keratinocytes Exposed to Sulfur Mustard

409

(8)

Robert J. Werrlein

J. S. Madren-Whalley

S. D. Kirby

M. A. E. Mol

CHAPTER 44 Inherited and Acquired Enzyme Defects in Multiple Chemical Sensitivity

417

(10)

Patricia P. Wilcox

CHAPTER 45 An In Vitro Method for Detecting Toxicants by Changes in the Pattern of Polarized Light Scattered from Bacteria

427

(6)

B. V. Bronk

Zhao Z. Li

J. Czege

W. P. Van De Merwe

CHAPTER 46 Attaining a Rational Refinement and Reduction in the Use of Live Animals: Studies on Cyanide Toxicity

433

(4)

Edward U. Maduh

Steven I. Baskin

Harry Salem

CHAPTER 47 Integration of Alternative Tests into a Toxicology Research Program

437

(8)

Sidney Green

Saura C. Sahu

Index

445

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Advances In Animal Alternatives For Safety And Efficacy Testing

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Advances In Animal Alternatives For Safety And Efficacy Testing

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