Advances in Applied Microbiology

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ISBN: 9780123736697 | 0123736692
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 9/13/2007

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Published since 1959, Advances in Applied Microbiologylt;/i> continues to be one of the most widely read and authoritative review sources in Microbiology. The series contains comprehensive reviews of the most current research in applied microbiology. Recent areas covered include bacterial diversity in the human gut, protozoan grazing of freshwater biofilms, metals in yeast fermentation processes and the interpretation of host-pathogen dialogue through microarrays.

Contributors	p. xi
Anaerobic Biodegradation of Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) and Related Fuel Oxygenates	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Fuel Oxygenates as Contaminants of Water Sources	p. 3
Environmental Fate	p. 4
MTBE Biodegradation	p. 5
Monitoring Natural Attenuation	p. 11
Summary	p. 15
References	p. 16
Controlled Biomineralization by and Applications of Magnetotactic Bacteria	p. 21
Introduction	p. 22
Features of the Magnetotactic Bacteria	p. 22
General features	p. 22
Distribution and ecology	p. 23
Phylogeny and taxonomy	p. 24
Physiology	p. 26
The Magnetosome	p. 30
Composition of magnetosome crystals	p. 30
Size of magnetosome crystals	p. 31
Magnetosome crystal morphologies	p. 31
Arrangement of magnetosomes within cells	p. 33
Biological advantage of magnetotaxis	p. 34
Chemical and Molecular Basis of Magnetosome Synthesis	p. 35
Genomics of magnetotactic bacteria	p. 36
Genetic systems and manipulations in magnetotactic bacteria	p. 37
The magnetosome membrane	p. 38
Physiological conditions under which magnetite magnetosomes are synthesized	p. 46
Regulation of the expression of magnetosome genes	p. 47
Applications of Magnetotactic Bacteria, Magnetosomes, and Magnetosome Crystals	p. 48
Mass cultivation of magnetotactic bacteria	p. 48
Applications of cells of magnetotactic bacteria	p. 49
Applications of magnetosomes and magnetosome crystals	p. 50
Conclusions and Future Research Directions	p. 52
Acknowledgments	p. 52
References	p. 52
The Distribution and Diversity of Euryarchaeota in Termite Guts	p. 63
Introduction	p. 63
Euryarchaeota in Termite Guts	p. 64
Termite gut structure and metabolism	p. 64
Detection of Euryarchaeota in Termite Guts	p. 67
Isolated Euryarchaeota from termite guts	p. 67
Uncultured Euryarchaeota in lower termite guts	p. 72
Uncultured Euryarchaeota in higher termite guts	p. 73
Why Are There Different Euryarchaeota in Different Termites?	p. 76
Conclusion	p. 77
References	p. 77
Understanding Microbially Active Biogeochemical Environments	p. 81
Introduction	p. 82
An Introduction to the Molecular Microbial World	p. 83
16S approaches	p. 84
rRNA and mRNA	p. 85
Recent technological advances	p. 86
Microorganisms in the Environment	p. 87
Microbes and minerals	p. 87
Silicate minerals	p. 90
Metals	p. 91
Extreme Environments	p. 92
Microbes in iron- and sulfur-rich environments	p. 93
Cave systems	p. 95
The deep subsurface	p. 96
Radioactive environments	p. 96
The Origin of Life on Earth, and Beyond	p. 97
Conclusions	p. 98
References	p. 98
The Scale-Up of Microbial Batch and Fed-Batch Fermentation Processes	p. 105
Introduction	p. 106
Engineering Considerations Involved in Scale-Up	p. 107
Agitator tasks in the bioreactor	p. 107
Unaerated power draw P (or mean specific energy dissipation rate [epsilon subscript T] W/kg)	p. 110
Aerated power draw P[subscript g] (or aerated ([epsilon subscript T])[subscript g] W/kg)	p. 111
Flow close to the agitator-single phase and air-liquid	p. 112
Variation in local specific energy dissipation rates, [epsilon subscript T]W/kg	p. 112
Air dispersion capability	p. 112
Bulk fluid-and air-phase mixing	p. 113
Main differences across the scales	p. 114
Process Engineering Considerations for Scale-Up	p. 115
Fluid mechanical stress or so-called "shear damage"	p. 115
Operational constraints at the large scale	p. 119
The physiological response of cells to the large-scale environment	p. 122
Small-scale experimental simulation models of the large scale	p. 124
Results from small-scale experimental trials of large-scale E. coli fed-batch processes	p. 126
Conclusions and Future Perspective	p. 132
References	p. 133
Production of Recombinant Proteins in Bacillus subtilis	p. 137
Introduction	p. 138
Vector Systems	p. 139
Rolling circle-type replication vectors	p. 139
Theta-type replication vectors	p. 141
Integrative vectors	p. 146
Bacteriophage vectors	p. 148
Expression Systems	p. 149
Promoter systems	p. 149
Secretion systems	p. 154
Vectors allowing the addition of tags to recombinant proteins	p. 157
DNA elements improving the production of recombinant proteins	p. 158
Transformation Systems	p. 160
Natural competence	p. 160
Protoplasts	p. 161
Electrotransformation	p. 162
Mobilization from E. coli to B. subtilis	p. 162
Chromosomal Mutations Enhancing Production of Native Intra- and Extracellular Proteins	p. 163
Molecular chaperones	p. 163
Cellular factors affecting extracytoplasmic protein folding and degradation	p. 164
Chromosomal mutations enhancing the production of recombinant proteins	p. 167
Production of Recombinant Proteins in B. subtilis and Other Bacilli	p. 168
B. subtilis	p. 168
B. brevis	p. 168
B. megaterium	p. 169
Conclusions	p. 171
Acknowledgments	p. 175
References	p. 175
Quorum Sensing: Fact, Fiction, and Everything in Between	p. 191
Preface	p. 192
Introduction	p. 193
The Basics of Microbial Linguistics	p. 193
Autoinducers: The language of prokaryotic communication	p. 193
Autoinducers with antimicrobial activity	p. 195
Multiple quorum-sensing systems: Integrating the sensory information	p. 198
The "Environment Sensing" theory: So much for social engagements of bacterial	p. 200
Lost in Translation	p. 202
Al-2: The most talked about molecule in the field	p. 202
The early years of research: Al-2 goes interspecies	p. 203
The pivotal case of EHEC	p. 204
The role of luxS in cell physiology: Activated methyl cycle	p. 209
Isr operon: The missing link...is still missing	p. 212
Multilingual bacteria: Another look at the role of interspecies communication in V. harveyi	p. 215
The recent years: Research involving synthetic Al-2	p. 216
Al-2 in foods: A few words about the currently accepted Al-2 detection assay	p. 220
Quorum Quenching: All Quiet on the Microbial Front	p. 223
Halogenated furanones: The defense system of algae	p. 223
AHL lactonases and acylases: Too early to judge	p. 223
Quorum quenching: Practical applications	p. 225
The available screening procedures for quorum-sensing inhibitors	p. 226
The Update	p. 227
Concluding Remarks	p. 228
Acknowledgments	p. 228
References	p. 228
Rhizobacteria and Plant Sulfur Supply	p. 235
Introduction	p. 236
Assimilation of Sulfur by Plants	p. 237
Uptake and assimilation of inorganic sulfate	p. 237
Amino acids/peptides as a source of plant sulfur	p. 240
Plant assimilation of oxidized organosulfur	p. 241
Microbial Transformations of Sulfur in Soil and Rhizosphere	p. 242
Mineralization and immobilization of soil sulfur	p. 242
Transformations of sulfate esters	p. 245
Microbial sulfur transformations in nonaerobic soils	p. 246
Sulfur transformations by fungi	p. 247
Functional Specificity of Bacteria in Soil Sulfur Transformations	p. 248
Sulfonate desulfurization by rhizosphere bacteria	p. 249
Diversity of desulfonation genes in rhizosphere	p. 250
Changes in microbial community with sulfur supply	p. 255
Sulfatase genes in rhizosphere	p. 257
Influence of mycorrhizal interactions on sulfur supply	p. 258
Plant Growth Promotion and the Sulfur Cycle	p. 259
Conclusions	p. 261
Acknowledgments	p. 261
References	p. 262
Antibiotics and Resistance Genes: Influencing the Microbial Ecosystem in the Gut	p. 269
Introduction	p. 270
Antibiotic Use and the Emergence of Resistant Bacteria	p. 270
Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Genes Between Bacteria	p. 273
Mechanisms of transfer	p. 273
Why is the gut a good site for gene transfer	p. 275
In vivo demonstrations of resistance gene transfer	p. 276
Consequences of Antibiotic Use	p. 277
Increased carriage of resistant bacteria and resistance genes and the emergence of bacterial strains carrying multiple resistance genes	p. 277
Evolution of novel forms of resistance genes	p. 278
Impact of antibiotics on the commensal gut microbiota	p. 280
Combination therapy: Antibiotics and pro/prebiotics	p. 281
Antibiotics and the early development of the gut microbiota	p. 282
Conclusions	p. 283
Acknowledgments	p. 284
References	p. 284
Index	p. 293
Contents of Previous Volumes	p. 305
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Advances in Applied Microbiology

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