Advances in Ecological Research

This volume contains papers highlighting the diverse interests of modern ecologists. Areas covered range from modeling terrestrial carbon exchange and storage to the relationship between animal abundance and body size. Other papers address the free-air carbon dioxide enrichment in global change research; generalist predators, interaction strength, and food web stability; delays, demography, and cycles; and spatial root segregation. This volume is essential for all ecologists.

Contributors to Volume 28

v

Preface

vii

Free-air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment (FACE) in Global Change Research: A Review

A.R. McLEOD

S.P. Long

Summary

1

(2)

Introduction

3

(4)

FACE Experiments and Development

7

(6)

How FACE Systems Work

7

(1)

FACE in Crops and Grassland

7

(6)

Technical Performance of FACE Systems

13

(10)

Spatial Distribution of Gas Concentration

13

(2)

Temporal Distribution of Gas Concentration

15

(4)

FACE Blower Effect

19

(1)

FACE Island Effect

20

(1)

Costs of FACE Facilities

20

(3)

The Potential and Realised Contribution of FACE to Biology

23

(20)

Production, Biomass and Efficiency of Light

24

(4)

Water and Energy Balance

28

(5)

Effects on Photosynthesis, Metabolism and Molecular Biology

33

(4)

Effects on Roots and Soil

37

(4)

Interactions

41

(2)

Conclusions

43

(14)

Acknowledgements

46

(1)

References

46

(9)

Appendix

55

(2)

Modelling Terrestrial Carbon Exchange and Storage: Evidence and Implications of Functional Convergence in Light-use Efficiency

S.J. Goetz

S.D. Prince

Summary

57

(1)

Introduction

58

(2)

The Functional Convergence Hypothesis and Bases for Its Assessment

60

(3)

Links between Remote Sensing, Light Absorption and Primary Production

63

(4)

Resource Constraints and Adaptive Strategies

67

(1)

Allocation, Defence Costs and Payback Intervals

68

(4)

Evidence for Resource-use Efficiency

72

(3)

Nitrogen

73

(1)

Water

73

(2)

Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR)

75

(1)

Co-ordinated Resource-use Efficiencies

75

(2)

Links between Co-ordinated Resource Use and Leaf Mass per Unit Area

77

(1)

Links between Maximised Carbon Gain and Fitness

78

(2)

Implications for Remote Sensing of Primary Production

80

(2)

Overview and Conclusions

82

(11)

Acknowledgements

83

(1)

References

84

(9)

Generalist Predators, Interaction Strength and Food-web Stability

G.P. Closs

S.R. Balcome

M.J. Shirley

Summary

93

(1)

Introduction

94

(4)

Key Definitions: Food-web Stability and Interaction Strength

98

(2)

Food-web Stability

98

(1)

Interaction Strength

98

(2)

Population Dynamics of Generalist Predators

100

(2)

Putting Generalist Predators into Food Webs: A Perspective that Incorporates Spatial and Temporal Scale

102

(6)

Generalist Predators in Spatially Simple Systems

102

(1)

Generalist Predators in Spatially Complex Systems

103

(4)

Food Webs as Dynamic yet Persistent Entities

107

(1)

Implications for Food-web Theory

108

(6)

Interaction Strength and its Relationship with Energy Flux

108

(2)

Relative Importance of Top-down versus Bottom-up Control within Food Webs

110

(2)

The Relationship between Food-web Complexity and Stability

112

(2)

Future Directions for Food-web Research

114

(4)

Relationships between Interaction Strength and Energetic Flux

114

(1)

Top-down and Bottom-up Regulation and the Role of Refugia

115

(2)

Species Richness and Food-web Stability

117

(1)

Theoretical Models

118

(1)

Conclusions

118

(9)

Acknowledgements

119

(1)

References

119

(8)

Delays, Demography and Cycles: A Forensic Study

W.S.C. Gurney

S.P. Blythe

T.K. Stokes

Summary

127

(1)

Introduction

127

(1)

The 1954 Experiment

128

(6)

The 1957 Experiment

134

(6)

Natural Selection in the 1957 Experiment

140

(2)

Discussion

142

(3)

References

144

(1)

Spatial Root Segregation: Are Plants Territorial?

H.J. Schenk

R.M. Callaway

B.E. Mahall

Summary

145

(1)

Introduction

146

(1)

Measuring Root Segregation

147

(3)

Segregation of Whole Root Systems

150

(5)

Segregation of Individual Roots

155

(2)

Mechanisms of Root Segregation

157

(5)

Indirect Root Interactions

157

(1)

Direct Root Interactions

158

(4)

Plant Territories

162

(5)

Defence of Space

162

(1)

Larrea tridentata: A Case Study

163

(1)

Territoriality and Competition

164

(1)

Density, Resource Availability and Territoriality

165

(2)

Territoriality and the Regulation of Plant Populations

167

(14)

Acknowledgements

168

(1)

References

168

(13)

The Relationship between Animal Abundance and Body Size: A Review of the Mechanisms

T.M. Blackburn

K.J. Gaston

Summary

181

(1)

Introduction

182

(2)

Mechanisms

184

(18)

The Census Are Mechanism

184

(3)

The Energetic Constraint Mechanism

187

(6)

The Latitudinal Gradient Mechanism

193

(3)

The Concatenation Mechanism

196

(2)

Interspecific Competition

198

(3)

The Differential Extinction Mechanism

201

(1)

Discussion

202

(9)

Acknowledgements

206

(1)

References

206

(5)

Cumulative List of Titles

211

(4)

Index

215

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Advances in Ecological Research

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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