Advances in Ecological Research

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ISBN: 9780120139309 | 0120139308
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/22/1999

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The six reviews in this latest issue of Advances in Ecological Research cover a broad spectrum of ecology, from micro-patterns and processes, to the ecophysiology of the individual organism, to forest-scale processes. Topics covered include the possible evolutionary forces that have shaped particular strategies, and the potential and limitations for techniques in ecology, such as fractal geometry, field experiments and eddy co-variance measures. Despite this diversity of topics, there are plenty of points of contact and cross-reference.

Contributors to Volume 30

Preface

vii

The Mineral Nutrition of Wild Plants Revisited: A Re-evaluation of Processes and Patterns

R. Aerts

F.S. Chapin

Summary

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Nutrient-limited Plant Growth: Which Nutrient is Limiting?

(5)

Differential Limitation by N and P

(3)

How to Detect N- or P-limited Plant Growth

(2)

Nutrient Acquisition

(6)

Root Uptake

(2)

Mycorrhizal Uptake

(2)

Leaf Uptake and Loss

(1)

Symbiotic N Fixation

(1)

Rhizosphere Effects

(1)

Biomass Allocation in Relation to Nutrient Acquisition

(4)

Patterns in Biomass Allocation

(2)

Dependence on Nutrient Availability

(1)

Nutrient Storage

(2)

The Concept of Storage

(1)

Variation among Growth-forms

(1)

Nutrient Dependency

(1)

Nutritional Aspects of Leaf Traits

(7)

Leaf Nutrient Concentrations

(3)

Nutrient Resorption from Senescing Leaves

(2)

Leaf Lifespan

(2)

Nutrient Use for Biomass Production

(6)

Nutrient Use Efficiency (NUE)

(3)

Patterns in NUE

(3)

Patterns in Leaf-level Nutrient Use Efficiency and its Components

(11)

Leaf Traits and their Contribution to Leaf-level NUE: Theoretical Considerations

(3)

Actual patterns in Leaf-level Nutrient Use Efficiency and the Relation with Underlying Leaf Traits

(5)

Physiological Constraints on Maximization of Leaf-level NUE

(2)

Ecological Consequences

(1)

Litter Decomposition

(6)

Nutrient Leaching from Senesced Leaves

(2)

Climatological and Chemical Controls on Litter Decomposition

(2)

Variation in Litter Decomposition among Growth-forms

(2)

Trade-off Between Nutrient Use Efficiency and Litter Decomposability?

(2)

Conclusions: Plant Strategies

(17)

References

(15)

Co-evolution of Mycorrhizal Symbionts and their Hosts to Metal-contaminated Environments

A.A. Meharg

J.W.G. Cairney

Summary

(1)

Introduction

(2)

Role of Mycorrhiza on Metal-contaminated Soils

(1)

Review Outline

(1)

Arbuscular Mycorrhizas

(15)

Arbuscular Mycorrhiza and Metal-contaminated Sites

(3)

Species Diversity

(1)

Spore Germination

(3)

Germ Tube Growth

(1)

Hyphal Penetration

(1)

Root Colonization

(1)

Spore Production

(1)

Metal Assimilation in Plant Tissues

(3)

Plant Sensitivity

(1)

Nutritional Aspects

(1)

Do Plants Benefit from being Colonized with Resistant Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Strains?

(1)

Ericoid Mycorrhizas

(7)

The Ericaceae and Metal-contaminated Environments

(1)

Copper

(4)

Zinc

(2)

Role of Mycorrhizas in Metal Resistance of the Ericaceae

(1)

Ectomycorrhizal Fungi

(9)

Introduction

(1)

General Response of Ectomycorrhizal Associations to Raised Levels of Metals

(3)

Genetic Adaptation of Trees to Metal Contaminants

(1)

Intraspecific Variation in Metal Resistance in Ectomycorrhizal Fungi

(3)

Studies Conducted with Hosts Colonized with Resistant and Sensitive Strains

102

(1)

Role of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi in Facilitating Host Metal Resistance

103

(1)

Conclusions

104

(10)

Current State of Knowledge

104

(1)

Future Research Requirements

105

(9)

References

107

(7)

Estimates of the Annual Net Carbon and Water Exchange of Forests: The Euroflux Methodology

M. Aubinet

A. Grelle

A. Ibrom

U. Rannik

J. Moncrieff

T. Foken

A.S. Kowalski

P.H. Martin

P. Berbigier

Ch. Bernhofer

R. Clement

J. Elbers

A. Granier

T. Grunwald

K. Morgenstern

K. Pilegaard

C. Rebmann

W. Snijders

R. Valentini

T. Vesala

Introduction

114

(2)

Theory

116

(3)

The Eddy Covariance System

119

(8)

Sonic Anemometer

119

(1)

Temperature Fluctuation Measurements

120

(1)

Infrared Gas Analyser

120

(3)

Air Transport System

123

(3)

Tower Instrumentation

126

(1)

Additional Measurements

127

(1)

Data Acquisition: Computation and Correction

127

(17)

General Procedure

127

(3)

Half-hourly Means, (Co-)variances and Uncorrected Fluxes

130

(4)

Intercomparison of Software

134

(2)

Correction for Frequency Response Losses

136

(8)

Quality control

144

(10)

Raw Data Analysis

145

(1)

Stationarity Test

145

(1)

Integral Turbulence Test

146

(1)

Energy Balance Closure

147

(7)

Spatial Representativeness of Measured Fluxes

154

(2)

Summation Procedure

156

(2)

Data Gap Filling

158

(4)

Interpolation and Parameterization

158

(1)

Neural Networks

158

(4)

Corrections to Night-time Data

162

(2)

Error Estimation

164

(3)

Conclusions

167

(11)

Acknowledgements

168

(1)

References

168

(5)

Appendix A

173

(2)

Appendix B

175

(3)

The Cost of Living: Field Metabolic Rates of Small Mammals

J.R. Speakman

Summary

178

(1)

Introduction

179

(26)

The Importance of Energy in Living Systems

179

(2)

Limitations on Animal Energy Expenditure

181

(8)

The Extrinsic Limitation Hypothesis

189

(3)

The Intrinsic Limitation Hypothesis

192

(5)

Experimental Studies of the Limitation Hypotheses

197

(3)

The Central Limitation Hypothesis and Links between FMR and RMR

200

(2)

Interspecific Reviews of the Link between DEE and RMR

202

(2)

Summary and Aims

204

(1)

Methods

205

(13)

Measuring Energy Expenditure by Indirect Calorimetry

205

(1)

Basal and Resting Energy Expenditure

206

(3)

Time and Energy Budget Estimates of Daily Energy Expenditure

209

(3)

Direct Measurements of Free-living Energy Expenditure

212

(5)

Summary and Data Inclusion Criteria for the Present Review

217

(1)

Results

218

(24)

Overview of the Database

218

(3)

Factors Influencing Daily Energy Expenditure

221

(21)

Discussion

242

(57)

Links between FMR and RMR

242

(13)

Sustainable Metabolic Scope

255

(44)

Acknowledgements

264

(1)

References

264

(19)

Appendix A

283

(6)

Appendix B

289

(5)

Appendix C

294

(5)

Manipulative Field Experiments in Animal Ecology: Do They Promise More Than They Can Deliver?

D. Raffaelli

H. Moller

Summary

299

(1)

Introduction

300

(2)

Designs of Published Field Experiments

302

(26)

Plot Sizes, Replication and Duration

302

(10)

Why Are Some Experimental Designs So Weak?

312

(8)

For How Long Should Experiments Run?

320

(4)

Issues of Scale

324

(3)

Meta-analysis: A Way Forward?

327

(1)

Conclusions

328

(11)

Acknowledgements

330

(1)

References

330

(9)

Fractal Properties of Habitat and Patch Structure in Benthic Ecosystems

P.E. Schmid

Summary

339

(2)

Introduction

341

(1)

Fractal Dimension and its Measurement

342

(16)

Fractal Dimension of Boundary and Profile Lines

342

(6)

Fractal Dimension of Deposition Processes

348

(1)

Fractal Dimension of Surfaces

349

(9)

Fractal Properties in Riverine Ecosystems

358

(22)

Large Spatial Scales

358

(5)

Intermediate to Small Spatial Scales

363

(10)

Fractal Dimension Across Serveral Spatial Scales

373

(7)

Fractal Random Walks

380

(7)

Fractal Properties of Biotic Structures

387

(3)

Coral Reefs

387

(1)

Mussel Beds

388

(1)

Colonization of Artificial Pond Weeds

388

(2)

Fractal Coexistence and Species Abundance Distribution

390

(5)

Concluding Remarks

395

Acknowledgements

396

References

397

Appendix A

401

Appendix B

401

Cumulative List of Titles

403

Index

407

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Advances in Ecological Research

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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