Advances in Ecological Research

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ISBN: 9780120139279 | 0120139278
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 4/1/1997

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This volume contains papers highlighting the diverse interests of modern ecologists. Areas covered range from physiological and evolutionary ecology to ecosystem ecology. Papers address the longevity of roots, the importance of wind dispersal to the population ecology of nocturnal insects, the different functions of soil fauna, 15N abundance in an old field ecosystem and forest productivity. This volume will be essential for all ecologists.

Contributors to Volume 27

(2)

Preface

vii

The Ecology of Root Lifespan

(59)

D. M. EISSENSTAT

R. D. YANAI

I. Summary

(1)

II. Introduction

(1)

III. Estimating Root Lifespan

(1)

IV. Variation in Root Lifespan

(4)

V. Analogies to Leaf Lifespans

(2)

VI. Controls and Constraints on Root Lifespan

(6)

A. Hypotheses

(1)

B. Root Herbivory and Parasitism

(2)

C. Roots with Multiple Functions

(1)

D. Competing Sinks for Carbon

(2)

E. Seasonality

(1)

F. Mineral Nutrient Conservation

(2)

VII. Trade-offs between Root Maintenance and Root Construction

(2)

VIII. Modeling Optimal Root Lifespan

(6)

A. Root Efficiency

(1)

B. Carbon Costs

(2)

C. Uptake of Nutrients

(3)

D. Other Factors

(1)

IX. Model Application

(4)

A. Validation of Simulated P Uptake

(1)

B. Simulation with Root Age

(3)

X. Morphological and Environmental Factors Affecting Root Costs and Benefits

(12)

A. Specific Root Length, Root Diameter and Tissue Density

(2)

B. Soil Fertility

(4)

C. Soil Temperature

(1)

D. Soil Dryness

(5)

XI. Further Considerations

(7)

A. Root Hairs

(1)

B. Root Exudates

(1)

C. Mycorrhizas

(4)

XII. Future Directions

(1)

Acknowledgements

(1)

References

(10)

Appendix

(2)

Nocturnal Insect Migration: Effects of Local Winds

(32)

P. J. A. BURT

D. E PEDGLEY

I. Summary

(1)

II. Introduction

(1)

III. Vertical Profiles

(3)

IV. Coastal Winds

(2)

V. Bores and Solitary Waves

(1)

VI. Rainstorm Outflows

(4)

VII. Mountain Winds: Drainage Winds

(2)

VIII. Mountain Winds: Barrier Winds

(8)

A. Effects of Isolated Mountains

(3)

B. Ridges

(2)

C. Fall Winds

(1)

D. Topographic Jets

(1)

E. Gap Winds

(1)

F. Mountains and Sea Breezes

(1)

IX. Conclusions

(2)

Acknowledgements

(1)

References

(4)

Bibliography

(4)

Faunal Activities and Soil Processes: Adaptive Strategies That Determine Ecosystem Function

(41)

P. LAVELLE

I. Summary

(1)

II. Introduction

(2)

III. The Role of Invertebrates in the Soil System

(1)

IV. Adaptive Strategies of Soil Organisms: the Sleeping Beauty and the Ecosystem Engineers

(4)

V. Microfauna Microbial Regulation and Microfoodwebs

101

(4)

A. The Composition of Microfoodwebs

101

(2)

B. Distribution and Dispersal of Microsites

103

(1)

C. Evidence for the Functional Importance of Microfoodwebs: Effects on SOM Dynamics

104

(1)

VI. Saprophagous Arthropoda: the Litter Transformers

105

(3)

A. Niche

105

(1)

B. Structures

105

(1)

C. Effects on Physical Parameters of Soil

106

(1)

D. SOM Dynamics

106

(2)

E. Effects on Plant Growth in Microcosms

108

(1)

VII. Termites and Earthworms: the Ecosystem Engineers.

108

(12)

A. Roles

108

(1)

B. Effects on Physical Structure

109

(6)

C. Effects on SOM Dynamics

115

(3)

D. Effects on Plant Growth

118

(2)

VIII. Conclusions

120

(2)

References

122

(12)

Terrestrial Plant Ecology and (15)N Natural Abundance: the Present Limits to Interpretation for Uncultivated Systems with Original Data from a Scottish Old Field

134

(80)

L. L. HANDLEY

C. M. SCRIMGEOUR

I. Summary

134

(1)

II. Introduction

135

(3)

III. Materials and Methods For Original Data

138

(2)

A. Site Description

138

(1)

B. Experimental Design

139

(1)

C. Sample Preparation, Isotope and Statistical Analyses

139

(1)

IV. Scottish Old Field Results

140

(10)

A. Soil N: Total and Mineral N

140

(1)

B. Total Soil XXX(15)N

141

(1)

C. Plants: Analyses Among Seasonal Means and Taxa

141

(4)

D. Plant XXX(15)N and Proximity to a N(2)-Fixing Symbiosis

145

(1)

E. Maturational Variability of XXX(15)N

146

(3)

F. The Two-Source Natural Abundance Model for Estimating N(2)-Fixation Could Not Be Used

149

(1)

V. Discussion And Review

150

(48)

A. Heterogeneity of Soil N: XXX(15)N and %N

150

(2)

B. Total Soil XXX(15)N

152

(1)

C. XXX(15)N of Soil Mineral N

153

(4)

D. Exchange Resins

157

(1)

E. Adequate Sampling and Appropriate Comparisons

158

(2)

F. Soil Water and Soil or Plant-harvested XXX(15)N

160

(1)

G. XXX(15)N Patterns Attributed to Land Use

161

(1)

H. Total Soil XXX(15)N and Depth of Profile

162

(3)

I. Litter and soil organic matter inputs

165

(8)

J. Chronic N Eutrophication of Soils

173

(8)

K. Plants: Analyses Among Seasonal Means and Taxa

181

(1)

L. Plant XXX(15)N and Proximity to a N(2)-Fixing Symbiosis

182

(1)

M. Plants Use Various Soil N-Sources

183

(6)

N. The Plant N-Niche

189

(1)

O. XXX(15)N and Plant N Metabolism

190

(4)

P. The Two-source Natural Abundance Model for Estimating N(2)-Fixation in Natural Systems

194

(3)

Q. Conclusions

197

(1)

Acknowledgements

198

(1)

References

199

(15)

Age-Related Decline in Forest Productivity: Pattern and Process

214

M. G. RYAN

D. BINKLEY

J. H. FOWNES

I. Summary

214

(1)

II. Introduction

215

(1)

III. Causes of Declining Productivity as Forests Age

216

(3)

IV. Empirical Evidence for Changes in Stand Growth

219

(5)

A. Growth and Yield Studies

219

(2)

B. Ecological Studies

221

(2)

C. Individual Trees

223

(1)

D. Conclusions

223

(1)

V Controls of Biomass Production

224

(2)

VI. Changes in Photosynthesis with Stand Development

226

(6)

A. Reduced Leaf Area

227

(2)

B. Reduced Photosynthetic Capacity

229

(1)

C. Reduced Photosynthetic Performance

230

(2)

D. Conclusions

232

(1)

VII. Changes in Nutrient Supply

232

(5)

A. Comparisons of Old and Regenerating Forests

233

(2)

B. Comparisons of Age Sequences of Forests

235

(1)

C. Old-Field Succession Sequences

236

(1)

D. Conclusions

236

(1)

VIII. Changes in Respiration

237

(2)

IX. Changes in Allocation

239

(5)

A. Per Tree

239

(1)

B. Changes in Fine Root Production and Longevity

240

(1)

C. Allocation to Symbionts

241

(2)

D. Allocation to Foliage and Branches

243

(1)

E. Allocation to Reproduction

243

(1)

X. Other Changes in Structure and Function

244

(4)

A. Maturation

244

(2)

B. Tree Mortality

246

(2)

C. Stand Structure

248

(1)

XI. Concluding Remarks

248

(4)

Acknowledgements

252

(1)

References

252

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Advances in Ecological Research

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