Advances in Geophysics

This series provides a venue for longer reviews of current advances in geophysics. Written at a level accessible to graduate students, the articles serve to broaden knowledge of various fields and may be useful in courses and seminars.

Contributors

vii

Crust and Upper Mantle Structure in Northern Eurasia from Seismic Data

Nina I. Pavlenkova

Introduction

1

(13)

Crustal Structure of the Main Tectonic Units of Northern Eurasia

14

(42)

East European Platform

17

(10)

East Siberian Platform (Siberian Craton)

27

(4)

Young Platforms and Massifs

31

(10)

Orogens and Tectonic Active Regions

41

(15)

Crustal Types, Their Relation to Geological Structure, and Rheology of the Crust

56

(34)

Maps of Crustal Parameters

56

(5)

Generalized Petrological Model of the Crust

61

(7)

Crustal Types

68

(10)

Mechanical Properties of the Crust and the Nature of Seismic Layering

78

(7)

Generalized Rheological Model of the Crust

85

(5)

Structure of the Upper Mantle

90

(25)

Generalized Upper Mantle Model of the East Siberian Platform

91

(7)

Two-Dimensional Mantle Models for Siberia Platforms

98

(5)

The Upper Mantle of Europe

103

(6)

General Properties of the Upper Mantle

109

(6)

Summary

115

(20)

References

121

(14)

Poroelastic Techniques in the Study of Earthquake-Related Hydrologic Phenomena

Evelyn Roeloffs

Introduction

135

(1)

Examples of Earthquake-Related Hydrologic Phenomena

136

(4)

Stress, Strain, Fluid Pressure, and Fluid Mass Content

140

(16)

Poroelastic Constitutive Relations

140

(5)

Pore Pressure Buildup in Undrained Compression

145

(2)

Calculating and Measuring the Poroelastic Constants

147

(1)

Barometric Response of Confined Aquifers

148

(2)

Volumetric Strain Response

150

(1)

Tidal Analysis

150

(5)

Steplike Coseismic Water Level Changes

155

(1)

Well-Aquifer Systems

156

(7)

Wellbore Storage

157

(2)

Oscillations (``Hydroseismograms'')

159

(4)

Coupled Flow and Deformation

163

(3)

Governing Equations

163

(1)

Pore Pressure Changes Due to Strain or Fluid Influx

164

(1)

Water Table Aquifers and Confined Aquifers

165

(1)

Dissipation of Undrained Pressure by Flow to the Water Table

166

(11)

Water Table Drainage as a Function of Frequency

166

(2)

Hydraulic Diffusivity

168

(2)

Effect on Well Tides of Flow to the Water Table

170

(1)

Effect on Barometric Response of Flow to the Water Table

170

(5)

Water Table Drainage as a Function of Time

175

(2)

Flow Accompanying Fault Movement

177

(7)

Water Level Changes Associated with Fault Creep

177

(5)

Fluid Flow Following Earthquakes

182

(1)

Unexplained Observations

183

(1)

Hydrologic Earthquake Precursors

184

(4)

Summary

188

(7)

References

189

(6)

Index

195

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Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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