Advances in Parasitology: Opportunistic

Due to the advent of AIDS, there is currently great interest in opportunistic infections in people with compromised immune systems. This special volume of Advances in Parasitology provides a detailed account ofthe pathogens associated with human enteric diseases, Cryptosporidium parvum, Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Cyclospora cayetanensis . This volume is essential for all parasitologists working on opportunistic protozoa.

Contributors to Volume 40

v

Preface

vii

PART 1 CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM AND RELATED GENERA

Introduction To Cryptosporidium parvum

3

(3)

Natural History and Biology of Cryptosporidium parvum

S. Tzipori

J.K. Griffiths

Introduction

6

(1)

Natural History and Chronology

6

(2)

Life Cycle as Related to Control

8

(2)

Classification and Taxonomy

10

(7)

Risk to Humans from Infected Animals

17

(2)

The Unique Intracellular Niche of Cryptosporidium

19

(9)

Concluding Remarks

28

(10)

References

29

(9)

Human Cryptosporidiosis: Epidemiology, Transmission, Clinical Disease, Treatment, and Diagnosis

J. K. Griffiths

Introduction

38

(1)

Epidemiology

39

(11)

Transmission

50

(5)

Clinical Disease

55

(7)

Treatment

62

(8)

Diagnosis

70

(18)

References

72

(16)

Innate and Cell-mediated Immune Responses to Cryptosporidium parvum

C. M. Theodos

Introduction

88

(1)

Innate Immunity

89

(6)

Cryptosporidium parvum-specific Cell-mediated Immunity

95

(16)

Immunotherapy

111

(2)

Concluding Remarks

113

(9)

References

114

(8)

Antibody-based Immunotherapy of Cryptosporidiosis

J. H. Crabb

Introduction: Rationale for Therapy using Antibodies to Combat Cryptosporidiosis

122

(3)

Practical Considerations for Antibody Therapy

125

(5)

Early Studies of Immunotherapy for Cryptosporidiosis

130

(1)

Laboratory Investigations of Anti-Cryptosporidium Antibodies

131

(7)

Studies in Humans using Antibodies

138

(3)

Future Prospects

141

(11)

References

143

(9)

Cryptosporidium: Molecular Basis of Host--Parasite Interaction

H. Ward

A. M. Cevallos

Introduction

152

(6)

Oocysts and the Molecular Basis of Excystation and Oocyst Wall Formation

153

(5)

Invasive (Zoite) Stages and the Molecular Basis of Attachment, Invasion, and Parasitophorus Vacuole Formation

158

(15)

Intracellular Stages and the Molecular Basis of Stage Differentiation and Parasite Metabolism

173

(4)

Future Perspectives

177

(1)

Concluding Remarks

178

(10)

References

178

(10)

Cryptosporidiosis: Laboratory Investigations and Chemotherapy

S. Tzipori

Introduction

188

(1)

Production of Oocysts for Biomedical Research

188

(2)

Propagation in Cell Culture

190

(5)

Animal Models

195

(10)

New Approaches to Drug Design

205

(3)

Laboratory Investigations on Drugs Presently Used in Humans

208

(4)

Concluding Remarks

212

(12)

References

212

(12)

Genetic Heterogeneity and PCR Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum

G. Widmer

Relevance of Studying Polymorphism in C. parvum

224

(1)

Heterogeneity in Cryptosporidium

225

(8)

PCR Detection of C. parvum

233

(9)

References

236

(6)

Water-borne Cryptosporidiosis: Detection Methods and Treatment Options

C. R. Fricker

J. H. Crabb

Water-borne Outbreaks: A Brief History

242

(5)

Occurrence of Cryptosporidium in Source Water

247

(2)

Detection of Cryptosporidium in Water

249

(15)

Regulatory Status and Environmental Laws

264

(3)

Water Treatment Options

267

(14)

References

272

(9)

PART 2 ENTEROCYTOZOON BIENEUSI AND OTHER MICROSPORIDIA

Introduction to Microsporidia

281

(3)

Biology of Microsporidian Species Infecting Mammals

E. S. Didier

K. F. Snowden

J. A. Shadduck

Introduction

284

(1)

Morphology

285

(5)

Life Cycle

290

(6)

Taxonomy

296

(7)

Mammalian Host--Parasite Relationships

303

(6)

Summary and Conclusions

309

(13)

References

310

(12)

Clinical Syndromes Associated with Microsporidiosis

D. P. Kotler

J. M. Orenstein

Introduction

322

(1)

Microsporidial Species Causing Intestinal Disease in AIDS

323

(1)

Epidemiology

323

(4)

Pathogenesis of Intestinal Injury

327

(3)

Immune Response to Microsporidia

330

(1)

Clinical Illness

330

(3)

Diagnosis

333

(8)

Treatment

341

(1)

Conclusion

342

(10)

References

343

(9)

Microsporidiosis: Molecular and Diagnostic Aspects

L. M. Weiss

C. R. Vossbrinck

Introduction

352

(1)

Molecular Biology

353

(5)

Phylogeny

358

(11)

Diagnosis

369

(16)

Summary

385

(15)

References

385

(15)

PART 3 CYCLOSPORA CAYETANENSIS AND RELATED SPECIES

Cyclospora cayetanensis

Y. R. Ortega

C. R. Sterling

R. H. Gilman

Introduction

400

(1)

Diagnosis and Purification

401

(3)

Molecular Biology

404

(1)

Life Cycle

405

(1)

Histopathology

406

(2)

Immunology

408

(1)

Clinical Signs of Infection

408

(1)

Treatment

408

(1)

Cyclosporiasis in AIDS Patients

409

(1)

Epidemiology

410

(3)

Pathogenesis

413

(1)

Cyclosporiasis in Peru

413

(1)

The Future

414

(5)

References

414

(5)

Index

419

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Advances in Parasitology: Opportunistic Protozoa in Humans

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials