Advocacy and Opposition: An Introduction to Argumentation

, by Rybacki, Karyn C.; Rybacki, Donald Jay; Rybacki, Karyn Charles

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ISBN: 9780205295838 | 0205295835
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 7/1/1999

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Advocacy and Opposition is a comprehensive and practical approach to argumentation and critical thinking for the beginning student who needs to construct and present arguments on questions of fact, value, and policy both orally and in writing. This text offers a theoretical view of the nature of argument in our society, a discussion of arguing as a form of communication, and a focus on how arguments are created using the Toulmin model of argument.

Preface

What Is Argumentation?

(16)

The Nature of Argumentation

(3)

The Historical Development of Argumentation

(2)

The Usefulness of Argumentation

(3)

Limitations in the Use of Argumentation

(1)

Ethical Standards for Argumentation

(4)

The Research Responsibility

(1)

The Common Good Responsibility

(1)

The Reasoning Responsibility

(1)

The Social Code Responsibility

(1)

Suggested Supplementary Readings

(1)

References

(1)

Where Do I Begin in Argumentation?

(16)

Fields of Argumentation

(2)

Presumption

(4)

Burden of Proof

(2)

The Prima Facie Case

(5)

Suggested Supplementary Readings

(1)

References

(1)

What Am I Going to Argue About?

(22)

The Nature of Propositions

(9)

Selecting Terms for Definition

(1)

Specifying Direction of Change

(3)

Identifying Key Issues

(4)

The Classification of Propositions

(4)

Propositions of Fact

(1)

Propositions of Value

(1)

Propositions of Policy

(2)

Phrasing the Proposition

(1)

Defining the Key Terms

(7)

Rules of Definition

(2)

Terms Needing Definition

(1)

How to Define Terms

(3)

Suggested Supplementary Readings

(1)

References

(1)

How Do I Analyze Propositions?

(18)

Locating the Immediate Cause

(3)

Immediate Cause in Factual Propositions

(1)

Immediate Cause in Value Propositions

(1)

Immediate Cause in Policy Propositions

(1)

Investigating the History

(3)

Historical Background in Factual Propositions

(1)

Historical Background in Value Propositions

(2)

Historical Background in Policy Propositions

(1)

Defining Key Terms and Creating the Primary Infernece

(4)

Key Terms in Factual Propositions

(1)

Key Terms in Value Propositions

(1)

Key Terms in Policy Propositions

(1)

Determining the Issues

(7)

Stock Issues for Factual Propositions

(1)

Stock Issues for Value Propositions

(3)

Stock Issues for Policy Propositions

(2)

Suggested Supplementary Readings

(1)

References

(1)

How Is a Unit of Argument Created?

(20)

The Toulmin Model of Argument

(17)

Claims

(5)

Grounds

(4)

Warrant

(3)

Backing

(1)

Qualifiers

(2)

Rebuttals

(1)

Simple, Chain, and Cluster Arguments

(2)

Suggested Supplementary Readings

(1)

References

(1)

How Do I Prove My Argument?

(29)

The Discovery of Evidence

(8)

Subject Heading Searches

(1)

Books

(1)

Periodicals

(1)

Newspapers

(1)

Government Documents

(1)

Fact Books, Encyclopedias, and Other Printed Resources

(2)

Types and Tests of Evidence

101

(16)

Evidence of Fact

101

(12)

Evidence from Opinion

113

(4)

Recording Evidence

117

(3)

Suggested Supplementary Readings

120

(1)

References

121

(1)

How Do I Reason with My Audience?

122

(24)

Argument from Cause

123

(4)

Argument from Sign

127

(3)

Argument from Generalization

130

(3)

Argument from Parallel Case

133

(3)

Argument from Analogy

136

(2)

Argument from Authority

138

(4)

Argument from Dilemma

142

(2)

Suggested Supplementary Readings

144

(1)

References

145

(1)

What Should I Avoid?

146

(26)

Fallacies in Reasoning

147

(11)

Hasty Generalization

147

(1)

Transfer

148

(3)

Irrelevant Arguments

151

(1)

Circular Reasoning

152

(1)

Avoiding the Issue

153

(4)

Forcing a Dichotomy

157

(1)

Fallacies of Appeal

158

(8)

Appeal to Ignorance

159

(1)

Appeal to the People

160

(1)

Appeal to Emotion

161

(1)

Appeal to Authority

162

(1)

Appeal to Tradition

163

(2)

Appeal to Humor

165

(1)

Fallacies in Language

166

(4)

Ambiguity and Equivocation

167

(1)

Emotionally Loaded Language

168

(1)

Technical Jargon

169

(1)

Suggested Supplementary Readings

170

(1)

References

171

(1)

How Are Factual Propositions Argued?

172

(18)

Advocating Propositions of Fact

175

(7)

Building the Prima Facie Case

176

(2)

Preempting Opposing Arguments

178

(1)

Argument in Action

179

(3)

Opposing Propositions of Fact

182

(6)

Evaluating the Primary Inference

182

(1)

Using Presumption to Dispute the Primary Inference

183

(1)

Refuting by Denial and Extenuation

184

(1)

Responding to Preemptive Arguments

185

(1)

Argument in Action

185

(3)

Suggested Supplementary Readings

188

(1)

References

189

(1)

How Are Propositions of Value Argued?

190

(22)

Advocating Propositions of Value

195

(9)

Defining the Value Object

195

(1)

Identifying the Hierarchy

196

(1)

Specifying the Criteria

197

(3)

Measuring the Value Object

200

(1)

Argument in Action

201

(3)

Opposing Propositions of Value

204

(6)

Establishing Strategy

204

(1)

Examining Definitions and Hierarchy

204

(2)

Challenging the Criteria

206

(1)

Refuting the Measurement

206

(1)

Argument in Action

207

(3)

Suggested Supplementary Readings

210

(1)

References

211

(1)

How Are Propositions of Policy Argued?

212

(24)

Advocating Policy Propositions

213

(10)

Advocacy of the First Stock Issue

215

(2)

Advocacy of the Second Stock Issue

217

(1)

Advocacy of the Third Stock Issue

218

(2)

Argument in Action

220

(3)

Opposing Policy Propositions

223

(12)

Establish Strategy

224

(1)

Examine Definitions

225

(1)

Refute the Reasons for Change

226

(1)

Refute the Consequences of Change

226

(3)

Offer a Counterproposal

229

(1)

Argument in Action

230

(5)

Suggested Supplementary Readings

235

(1)

References

235

(1)

How Do I Present My Arguments to an Audience?

236

(18)

Audience Analysis

237

(2)

The General Audience

237

(1)

The Actual Audience

238

(1)

Language Choice and Style

239

(6)

Words as Symbols

239

(1)

The Elements of Style

240

(4)

Introductions, Transitions, and Conclusions

244

(1)

Delivery Techniques

245

(5)

Use of Voice

245

(2)

Use of Body

247

(2)

Use of Visual Aids

249

(1)

Building Credibility with an Audience

250

(3)

External Credibility

250

(1)

Internal Credibility

251

(1)

Managing Your Credibility

251

(2)

Suggested Supplementary Readings

253

(1)

References

253

(1)

Appendix A: What Are the Rules of the Game?

254

(11)

Debate Formats

254

(2)

Speaker Responsibilities

256

(6)

Burden of Clash

259

(1)

Cross-Examination

260

(2)

Flow Sheeting

262

(1)

Debate Judges

263

(1)

Reference

264

(1)

Appendix B: How Do I Write an Argumentative Brief?

265

(10)

Formats for Brief Writing

267

(1)

A Brief Example

268

(1)

References

268

(7)

Glossary

275

(6)

Index

281

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Advocacy and Opposition: An Introduction to Argumentation

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials