Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self: The Neurobiology of Emotional Development

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ISBN: 9780805834598 | 0805834591
Cover: Nonspecific Binding
Copyright: 4/1/1999

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The main purpose of this monograph is to bring together in one place the lastest observations, data, and concepts from the developmental branches of psychoanalysis and neurobiology. For researchers and students in both disciplines.

List of Illustrations

xvii

Foreword

xxi

James S. Grostein

Preface

xxix

Acknowledgments

xxxiii

PART I: BACKGROUND AND OVERVIEW

Introduction

(6)

General Principles of Growth of the Developing Brain

(12)

The Growth of the Brain Occurs in Critical Periods and is Influenced by the social Environment

(3)

The Infant Brain Develops in Stages and Becomes Hierarchically Organized

(3)

Genetic Systems that Program Brain Development are Activated and Influenced by the Postnatal Environment

(2)

The Social Environment Changes Over the Stages of Infancy and Induces the Reorganization of Brain Structures

(3)

Recent Advances in the Multidisciplinary Study of Emotional Development

(13)

The Emergence of Socioemotional Functions in Sequential Stages

(2)

Contemporary Revisions of Psychoanalytic Theories of Development

(3)

The Relationship Between the Maturation of Cortical and Limbic Structures and the Emergence of Discrete Affects Over Stages of Infancy

(4)

The Dyadic Origin of the Adaptive Capacity to Self-Regulate Affect

(3)

Structure-Function Relationships of the Orbitofrontal Cortex

(28)

Functions of the Orbitofrontal Cortex

(7)

Subcortical Catecholaminergic Innervation of the Orbitofrontal Cortex

(10)

Orbitofrontal Innervation of Subcortical Catecholaminergic Nuclei

(3)

Orbitofrontal Hierarchical Dominance of Dual Limbic Circuits

(1)

Orbitofrontal Development in Human Infancy

(6)

Overview

(9)

PART II: EARLY INFANCY

Visual Experiences and Socioemotional Development

(21)

The Mother's Face as a Primary Source of Visual Stimulation

(3)

Caregiver-Infant Gaze Transactions as an Interactive Medium for Imprinting Processes

(3)

Visually Mediated merger Experiences and the Induction of a Dyadic Symbiotic State

(4)

Mirroring Gaze Transactions and the Dyadic Amplification of Positive Affect

(3)

The Interactive Psychobiological Regulation of Positive Affect

(4)

The Development of Positive Affect Over the First Year

(2)

Summary

(1)

The Practicing Period

(7)

Affective Characteristics

(1)

Developmental Neurobiology

(1)

Ontogenetic Adaptations

(1)

Epigenesis

(2)

Summary

(1)

The Psychobiology of Affective Reunions

(15)

The Psychobiological Function of Reunion Episodes

100

(3)

Reunion Transactions as Synchronized Bioenergetic Transmissions

103

(5)

The Origin of the Appraisal of Emotionally Meaningful and Motivationally Significant Environmental Events

108

(4)

Summary

112

(2)

Early Imprinting

114

(21)

Proposal: The Onset of a Critical Period for the Maturation of the Orbitofrontal Cortex Occurs at the End of the First Year

115

(2)

Proposal: Mesocortical Dopamine Acts as a Trophic Stimulus for Prefrontal Development

117

(9)

The Developmental Biochemistry of the Orbitofrontal Subplate Zone

126

(5)

The Expansion of the Ventral Tegmental Limbic Circuit and the Emergence of Orbitofrontal Function

131

(3)

Summary

134

(1)

Imprinting Neuroendocrinology

135

(11)

Maternal Simulation of Opioid Peptides and the Imprinting of the Orbitofrontal Cortex

136

(3)

Orbitofrontal Control of Corticotropin Releasing Factor as a Mechanism of Regulation of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Activities

139

(3)

Opiate-Dopaminergic Interactions and the Emergence of Orbitofrontal Function

142

(2)

The Development Neurochemistry of Practicing Period Reunions

144

(1)

Summary

145

(1)

Socioaffective Influencs on Orbitofrontal Morphological Development

146

(22)

Vascular Morphogenesis

147

(12)

Dendritic Morphogenesis

159

(5)

Cholinergic Axonal Morphogenesis

164

(3)

Summary

167

(1)

The Emotionally Expressive Face

168

(8)

The Visuolimbic Pathway and Maternal Facial Recognition

169

(3)

Orbitofrontal-Temporal Cortical Connections and the Generations and Retrieval of Images of the Familiar Face

172

(3)

Summary

175

(1)

The Neurochemical Circuitry of Imprinted Interactive Representations

176

(11)

The Orbitofrontal Generation of Affect Regulating Internal Representations

177

(3)

The Neurochemical Circuitry of a Neuronal Model of the Face of Attachment Object

180

(6)

Summary

186

(1)

The Regulatory Function of Early Internal Working Models

187

(12)

The Hierarchical Processing of Facially Expressed Socioaffective Information Along the Ventral Tegmental Limbic Circuit

188

(4)

The Affect Regulating Functions of Inceptive Right Hemisphere Internal Working Models

192

(3)

Summary

195

(4)

PART III: LATE INFANCY

The Onset of Socialization Procedures and the Emergence of Shame

199

(14)

The Socioaffective Environment Changes in the Second Year

200

(1)

The Emergence of Shame in the Late Practicing Period

201

(4)

Shame and Dyadic Visuoaffective Processes

205

(4)

The Internalized Interactive Representation of Incipient Shame Transactions as an Ontogenetic Adaptation

209

(3)

Summary

212

(1)

Late Orbitofrontal Development

213

(18)

Shame Stress Deactivates the Ventral Tegmental and Activates the Lateral Tegmental Limbic Circuits

214

(1)

Medullary Noradrenaline and Adrenal Corticosteriods Induce the Expansion of the Lateral Tegmental Limbic Circuit in the Orbitofrontal Cortex

215

(4)

Descending Projections From Noradrenergic Innervated Orbitofrontal Sites Mediate the Onset of an Inhibitory State

219

(4)

The Final Maturation of the Orbitofrontal Cortex and the Regulation of the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis

223

(3)

The Offset of a Critical Period for the Maturation of the Orbitofrontal Cortex Occurs in the Middle of the Second Year

226

(1)

Orbital Prefrontal Contributions to the Diminution of Oral Activity and the Onset of Bladder and Bowel Regulation

227

(3)

Summary

230

(1)

Orbitofrontal Versus Dorsolateral Prefrontal Ontogeny

231

(9)

The Critical Period of Maternal Attachment Offsets and Paternal Attachment Onsets in the Middle of the Second Year

232

(2)

The Offset of the Orbital and the Onset of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Critical Periods Occur in the Middle of the Second Year

234

(2)

The Executive Functions of the Right and Left Hemispheres are respectively Mediated by the Orbitofrontal and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortices

236

(1)

The Two Prefrontal Systems are Responsible for the Hemispheric Lateralization of Emotions

237

(1)

Summary

238

(2)

The Dyadic Origin of Internal Shame Regulation

240

(9)

The Dyadic Regulation of Socializing Shame Transactions in the Practicing Critical Period

241

(2)

The Psychobiology of Shame Recovery

243

(2)

The Internalization of Interactive Repair Transactions

245

(3)

Summary

248

(1)

Socialization and Experience-Dependent Parcellation

249

(11)

The Parcellation of the Orbitofrontal Cortex

250

(1)

Shame Socialization and the Rewiring of Orbitofrontal Limbic Circuitry

251

(2)

The Primary Caregiver Functions as an Agent of Natural Selection that Influences the Stabilization or Elimination of Permanent Orbitofrontal-Limbic Connections

253

(5)

Implications for Developmental Theory

258

(1)

Summary

259

(1)

The Origins of Infantile Sexuality and Psychological Gender

260

(9)

The Effects of Gonadal Steroids on Developing Orbitofrontal Circuitry

261

(3)

Orbitofrontal Involvement in Infantile Sexuality and Psychological Gender

264

(3)

Summary

267

(2)

The Onset of Dual Component Orbitofrontal Mature Structure and Adaptive Function

269

(16)

The Maturation of Dual Catecholaminergic Circuits at the End of the Critical Period of Orbitofrontal Growth

270

(3)

The Onset of Mature Orbitofrontal Function in the Second Half of the Second Year

273

(4)

The Emergence of Enduring Temperamental Features of Personality

277

(3)

The Dyadic Genesis of Unconscious Affect and Cultural Emotional Biases

280

(2)

Summary

282

(3)

PART IV: APPLICATIONS TO AFFECT REGULATORY PHENOMENA

A Psychoneurobiological Model of the Dual Circuit Processing of Socioemotional Information

285

(17)

Posterior Cortical-Orbitofrontal Transmissions and Appraisal Processing

287

(2)

Orbitofrontal Cortical-Subcortical Transmissions and Amplification Processes

289

(2)

The Cortical Top-Down Induction of Subcortical Central States

291

(3)

Ascending Subcortical-Cortical Events and the Bottom-Up Control of Orbitofrontal and Other Cortical Areas

294

(6)

Summary

300

(2)

Cross-Modal Transfer and Abstract Representations

302

(9)

Maternal Sensory Stimulation and the Development of Posterior Sensory Association Cortices

303

(4)

Orbitofrontal-Posterior Cortical Connections and Cross-Modal Transfer

307

(2)

Summary

309

(2)

The Development of Increasingly Complex Interactive Representations

311

(9)

Interactive Representations as Psychobiological Regulators

312

(3)

The Encoding of Expectations in Right Hemispheric Dynamics Interactive Representations

315

(4)

Summary

319

(1)

Orbitofrontal Influences on the Autonomic Nervous System

320

(17)

The Contributions of subcortical and Cortical Activities to Facial Expressions of Emotion

321

(2)

Reciprocal and Nonreciprocal Autonomic Modes

323

(4)

The Unique Contribution of Parasympathetic Conservation-Withdrawal to Emotional Functions

327

(3)

The Functional Implications of Dual Component Orbitofrontal Interactions with Hypothalamic Nuclei

330

(6)

Summary

336

(1)

The Regulation of Infantile Rage Reactions

337

(11)

Structure-Function Relationships of Regulated and Unregulated Rage

338

(1)

Developmental Shame Experiences and the Modulation of Narcissistic Rage

339

(2)

Negativism and the Development of Autonomy

341

(2)

Orbitofrontal Representations and the Automodulation of Rage

343

(3)

Summary

346

(2)

Affect Regulation and Early Moral Development

348

(7)

The Role of the Affect of Shame in the Early Development of the Superego

349

(1)

The Emergence of Empathy and Altruistic Behavior

350

(2)

Neurobiological Contributions to Moral Behavior

352

(1)

Summary

353

(2)

The Emergence of Self-Regulation

355

(18)

The Ontogeny of Self-Regulation

356

(2)

The Dyadic Determination of the Autonomic Set Point

358

(2)

The Adaptive Role of Shame in Affect Regulation

360

(2)

The Dual Component Regulation of Self-Esteem

362

(3)

The Adaptive Capacity to Self-Initiate Psychobiological State Transitions in Response to Socioenvironmental Alternations

365

(3)

Summary

368

(5)

PART V: CLINICAL ISSUES

The Neurobiology of Insecure Attachments

373

(13)

The Interactive Histories of Secure and Insecure Attachments

374

(4)

The Hidden Misattuned Affect Transactions of insecure-Avoidant Attachment

378

(4)

The Psychobiology of Insecure-Resistant Attachments

382

(2)

Summary

384

(2)

The Clinical Psychiatry of Affect Dysregulation

386

(29)

Insecure Attachment, Affect Dysregulation, and Developmental Psychopathology

388

(2)

Psychopathology is Operationally Defined as a Limitation of Adaptive Stress-Regulating Capacities

390

(5)

Recovery Deficits of Internal Reparative Mechanisms are Functional Indicators of impaired Affect Regulatory Systems

395

(10)

The Neurochemistry of Affect Dysregulating Depressive Disorders

405

(4)

The Neurochemistry of Dysregulated Manic States

409

(3)

Summary

412

(3)

The Developmental Psychopathology of Personality Disorders

415

(16)

Borderline Personality Disorders

416

(7)

Narcissistic Personality Disorders

423

(6)

Summary

429

(2)

Vulnerability to Psychosomatic Disease

431

(12)

The Development of Psychosocial-Neuroendocrine-Immune Communications

432

(4)

Maternal Psychobiological Regulation and the Development of Adequate and Inadequate Immunocompetence

436

(3)

Early Psychobiological Dysregulation, Impaired Orbitofrontal Development, and the Vulnerability to Psychosomatic Disease

439

(3)

Summary

442

(1)

Psychotherapy of Developmental Disorders

443

(34)

Unconscious Object Relations as a Focus of the Psychotherapeutic Treatment of Developmental Disorders

445

(3)

Right Hemisphere-to-Right Hemisphere Affective Communications Mediate Psychotherapeutic Transferential Transactions

448

(6)

The Essential Role of Shame Dynamics in the Treatment of Developmental Disorders

454

(8)

Developmental Affect Theory and the Mechanisms of Psychotherapeutic Change

462

(4)

The Neurobiological Characterization of Psychotherapeutically Induced Psychic Structural Changes

466

(3)

Nonlinear Dynamic (Chaos) Theory as a Model for the Investigation of ``Hidden'' Nonverbal Processes of Psychotherapy

469

(3)

Summary

472

(5)

PART VI: INTEGRATIONS

Right Hemispheric Language and Self-Regulation

477

(13)

Inhibition, Delay, and Self-Regulation

478

(1)

The Dialogic Origin of Early Speech

479

(3)

The Regulatory Functions of Right Hemispheric Single Word Speech

482

(3)

Shame and the Emergence of the ``Bad Self''

485

(2)

The Self-Regulatory Functions of Evocative Memory

487

(2)

Summary

489

(1)

The Dialogical Self and the Emergence of Consciousness

490

(9)

The Ontogeny of the Dialogical Self and the Psychosocial Origin of Consciousness

491

(3)

Emergent Properties of the Dialogical Self

494

(3)

Summary

497

(2)

Further Directions of Multidisciplinary Study

499

(33)

The Development of Brain Mitochondria and the Regulation of Organismic Bioenergetics

502

(11)

Reparative Mechanisms and Stress Proteins

513

(5)

Mitochondrial-Nuclear Genome Interactions in Postnatal Brain Development

518

(4)

The Cell Biology of Brain Monoamine-Microvascular Systems

522

(4)

The Ontogeny of Monoaminergic Systems and the Hierarchical Development of Discrete Psychobiological States

526

(4)

Summary

530

(2)

A Proposed Rapprochement Between Psychoanalysis and Neurobiology

532

(11)

References

543

(106)

Subject Index

649

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Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self: The Neurobiology of Emotional Development

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