African Americans on the Frontier

A collection of first hand narratives and oral histories portraying the African American experience from slavery through emancipation and into the 20th century.

Acknowledgments

ix

Introduction

xi

Section I: Slave Narratives

Henry Bibb

3

(5)

Jacob Blockson

8

(1)

Henry Box Brown

9

(7)

William Wells Brown

16

(12)

Lewis Clarke

28

(7)

Ellen and William Craft

35

(5)

Frederick Douglass

40

(6)

Olaudah Equiano

46

(11)

Daniel Fisher

57

(2)

Frances Henderson

59

(4)

John Jackson

63

(2)

Jarmain Wesley Loguen

65

(2)

James Mars

67

(3)

Venture Smith

70

(18)

Harriet Tubman

88

(9)

Section II: WPA Slave Narratives

Phoebe Banks

97

(4)

David A. Hall

101

(2)

Felix Haywood

103

(3)

Silas Jackson

106

(4)

James Calhart James

110

(2)

Bill Simms

112

(4)

Milton Starr

116

(5)

Section III: Oral Histories

Physician

121

(2)

Charles James Bate

Dry Cleaner

123

(3)

Ollie Hunter Boyd

Rhythm and Blues Pianist

126

(13)

Charles Brown

Nanny and Domestic Worke

139

(13)

Anna Mae Conleyr

Beauty Shop Operator

152

(15)

Madge E. Copeland

Jazz Drummer and USO Bandleader

167

(4)

Herbert Cowens

Policeman's Son, U.S. Air Force Colonel

171

(2)

Leon Davis

Licensed Practical Nurse

173

(2)

LaVerne Cooksey Davis

Power Machine Operator and Descendant of Lewis E. Clarke

175

(8)

Virginia Clark Gayton

NAACP Volunteer

183

(3)

Anita Hairston

Window Dresser

186

(5)

Erma Hadrey Hayman

Housekeeper and Descendant of Samuel D. Chambers

191

(18)

Minnie Lee Haynes

Civil Rights Activist

209

(3)

Fannie Ezelle Hill

Barber

212

(3)

Hugh Hollins

Funeral Director

215

(2)

Eunice Jackson

Actor and Entertainer

217

(23)

Herb Jeffries

Teacher

240

(6)

Irene McClellan King

Artist

246

(6)

Gwendolyn Knight

Artist

252

(6)

Jacob Lawrence

Biologist

258

(22)

Bruce Lee

Ranch Cowboy

280

(11)

Tony Lott

Basketball Coach

291

(17)

John McLendon

Blues Musician

308

(21)

Brownie McGhee

Jazz Bandleader

329

(11)

Jay McShann

Community Worker and Doctor's Widow

340

(8)

Martha Nash

Educator and College President

348

(8)

Earl W. Rand

Gambler

356

(21)

Clearence Ray

Gospel Singer

377

(10)

Archie Reynolds

Pullman Porter

387

(20)

Herman Simmons

Attorney

407

(8)

Charles Earl Simms

Homemaker and Domestic Worker

415

(3)

Katie Simms

Minister

418

(12)

Wesley Sims

Gospel and Pop Singer

430

(5)

Roebuck ``Pops'' Staples

Cloakroom Attendant

435

(4)

Clara Terrell

Blues Musician

439

(9)

Jesse Thomas

Veterinarian

448

(18)

William Waddell

Cowboy and Rodeo Organizer

466

(5)

A. J. Walker

Homemaker and Mother

471

(1)

Alice Mae Williams

Quilter

472

(9)

Arbie Williams

Civil Rights Attorney

481

(13)

Francis Williams

Cowboy and Minister

494

(5)

Mack Williams

Baseball Player

499

(9)

Marvin Williams

Miner's Descendant

508

(4)

Liola McClean Cravens Woffort

Teacher

512

(3)

Barbara Wood

Rodeo Cowboy

515

(4)

Wesley Young

Bibliography I: Individually Published Slave Narratives

519

(12)

Bibliography II: Secondary Sources

531

(8)

Index

539

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African Americans on the Frontier

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials