African Politics and Society A Continental Mosaic in Transformation

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ISBN: 9780312076030 | 0312076037
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 8/11/1999

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AFRICAN POLITICS AND SOCIETY is the first comprehensive, single-authored textbook to examine African politics and society from the pre-colonial era to the present. The book surveys the theoretical, historical, political, and cultural forces that have shaped contemporary Africa, with special emphasis on trends in the post-Cold War era.

Preface

Illustrations, Tables, and Boxes

xix

About the Author

xxi

PART I INTRODUCTION

Understanding the African Renaissance

(22)

Approaching the Study of African Politics and Society

(10)

African Continent Is a Rich Mosaic of Diversity

(1)

Necessity of a Continental Perspective

(1)

To Understand the Present, One Must Understand the Past

(1)

Influential Impact of the International System

(4)

Central Importance of the Domestic Dimension

(3)

Balancing Afro-Pessimism and Afro-Optimism

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

For Further Research

(8)

For Further Reading

(1)

Notes

(2)

PART II RIVAL THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES

Study of Africa within the Liberal Tradition

(20)

Predominance of Modernization Theory (1950s--Early 1960s)

(2)

Rise of Modernization Revisionism (Late 1960s)

(4)

Concern with Stability and the ``Politics of Order'' (Late 1960s--Early 1970s)

(4)

Demands for Policy Relevance and Public Policy Research (Mid-1970s--1980s)

(2)

New Directions in the Post--Cold War Era (Late 1980s--Present)

(3)

Key Terms

(1)

For Further Reading

(1)

Notes

(3)

Study of Africa within the Critical Tradition

(20)

Classical Marxism (Nineteenth Century) as Precursor to Contemporary Critical Thought

(2)

Dependency Theory and the ``Development of Underdevelopment'' Thesis (Late 1960s--Early 1970s)

(2)

``Circulationist'' Revisions of Dependency Theory (1970s)

(3)

Emergence of Neo-Marxist Forms of Scholarship (Late 1970s--1980s)

(5)

New Directions in the Post--Cold War Era (Late 1980s--Present)

(2)

Key Terms

(1)

For Further Reading

(1)

Notes

(4)

PART III HISTORICAL CONTEXT

Politics and Economics of the Precolonial Independence Era (Prior to 1884)

(24)

Diversity of Segmented Political Systems

(7)

Band Organization

(2)

Classical Segmented System

(3)

Universalistic Segmented System

(1)

Ritually Stratified Segmented System

(1)

Autonomous Village System

(1)

Diversity of Centralized Political Systems

(3)

Pyramidal Monarchy

(1)

Associational Monarchy

(1)

Centralized Monarchy

(1)

Regional Diplomatic Practices

(3)

Economic Diversity and Trade

(6)

Key Terms

(1)

For Further Reading

(1)

Notes

(3)

Political and Economic Impacts of Colonialism (1884--1951)

(29)

Early Contacts with Europe and the Arab World

(6)

Imposition of Direct Colonial Rule

(4)

Political Impacts of Colonialism

(7)

Application of the European Nation-State System to Africa

(1)

Division of African Nations among Several States

(2)

Incorporation of Several African Nations into One State

101

(2)

Destruction of Traditional Checks-and-Balances

103

(1)

Authoritarian Political Legacy

103

(2)

Economic Impacts of Colonialism

105

(6)

Creation of Closed Economic Systems

106

(1)

Creation of Export-Oriented, Mono-Crop or Mono-Mineral Economies

107

(1)

Evolution of Perverse Infrastructural Development

108

(2)

Authoritarian Legacy of the State

110

(1)

Key Terms

111

(1)

For Further Reading

111

(1)

Notes

112

(4)

Nationalism and the Emergence of the Contemporary Independence Era (1951--Present)

116

(21)

Trends in African Nationalism

117

(3)

Domestic Influences on the Rise of Nationalism

120

(6)

Creation of Administrative Centers and the Rise of Urbanization

121

(1)

Educational Training and Development

121

(4)

Formation and Spread of Voluntary Associations

125

(1)

International Influences on the Rise of Nationalism

126

(6)

Spread of Pan-Africanism

126

(1)

Involvement of African Soldiers in World War I and World War II

127

(2)

Demonstration Effect of Decolonization in Asia

129

(2)

Shifting Structure of the International System

131

(1)

Self-Determination and the Rise of Secessionist Movements

132

(1)

Key Terms

133

(1)

For Further Reading

133

(1)

Notes

134

(3)

PART IV SOCIOCULTURAL ENVIRONMENT

Ethnicity and Class

137

(31)

Ethnic Dimension of African Politics and Society

138

(2)

Ethnic Intermediaries and the Creation of Ethnic Compacts

140

(3)

Ethnic Violence and the Breakdown of Ethnic Compacts

143

(4)

Class Dimension of African Politics and Society

147

(2)

Class Divisions within African Society

149

(3)

Class Cooperation and Conflict

152

(4)

Competing Explanations of the Nigerian Civil War (1967--70)

156

(4)

Perceiving Events through an Ethnic Lens

157

(2)

Perceiving Events through a Class Lens

159

(1)

Uncertain Debate

160

(1)

Key Terms

161

(1)

For Further Reading

162

(1)

Notes

163

(5)

Ideology and the Politics of Development

168

(26)

Evolution of African Ideologies of Development

169

(3)

Ideology and Development Choice

172

(8)

Primary Purpose of Development

173

(1)

Primary Engine of Development

174

(1)

Role of Agriculture in National Development

175

(3)

Perception of the Rural Peasantry

178

(1)

Role of Foreign Powers and Investment

179

(1)

Ideology and Development Performance

180

(8)

Economic Growth

182

(1)

Socioeconomic Equality

182

(1)

Autonomy from Foreign Control

183

(2)

Human Dignity

185

(1)

Political Participation

186

(2)

Toward a Capitalist Hybrid?

188

(1)

Key Terms

189

(1)

For Further Reading

190

(1)

Notes

190

(4)

Politics of the African Novel

194

(23)

Political Dilemmas Faced by the African Novelist

195

(2)

Political Themes of the African Novel

197

(4)

Re-creation of Africa's Past

197

(1)

Colonial Intrusion

198

(1)

Colonial Injustice

199

(1)

Nationalism and Independence

200

(1)

Disenchantment with Elites

200

(1)

Freedom as Despair

200

(1)

Politically Committed African Novelists

201

(2)

Neglected Popular Elements of Society

201

(1)

Destructive Nature of Societal Divisions

202

(1)

Status of Women in African Society

202

(1)

Nuruddin Farah and the Politics of Commitment in Somalia

203

(9)

Early Years as Critic of Social Injustice

204

(1)

Qualified Optimism after the 1969 Military Coup d'Etat

205

(1)

Opposition to the Dictatorship of Siad Barre

206

(4)

Evolving African Identity

210

(2)

Politics of the African Novel in Perspective

212

(1)

Key Terms

212

(1)

For Further Reading

212

(1)

Notes

213

(4)

PART V CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN GOVERNANCE

State and Civil Society

217

(27)

Concentration of State Power at the Expense of Civil Society

218

(9)

Africanization of the State

219

(1)

Bureaucratic Expansion and the Growth of Parastatals

220

(1)

Dismantling of Institutional Checks-and-Balances

221

(2)

Co-optation and Silencing of Civil Society

223

(2)

Expansion of the Coercive Apparatus

225

(1)

Creation of Personal Rule Networks

226

(1)

Crisis of the State and the Resurgence of Civil Society

227

(9)

Deepening Economic Crisis

228

(1)

Growing Inability to Provide Social Goods

229

(2)

Resurgence of Civil Society

231

(1)

Intensification of Domestic Violence and Conflict

232

(4)

Toward a State-Society Balance?

236

(3)

Key Terms

239

(1)

For Further Reading

239

(1)

Notes

240

(4)

Military Coups d'Etat and Military Governance

244

(23)

Trends in Military Coups d'Etat

245

(3)

Role of the Military in Political Governance

248

(4)

Civilian Supremacy Model

248

(1)

Watchdog Model

249

(1)

Balance Wheel Model

249

(1)

Direct Rule Model

250

(1)

Social Transformation Model

251

(1)

Myths Concerning the Effectiveness of Military Governance

252

(6)

Military Enjoys Greater Legitimacy

252

(1)

Military Rule Is More Efficient

253

(1)

Military Is Best Able to Maintain Stability

254

(1)

Military Constitutes a Better Unifying Structure

255

(2)

Military Is Best Prepared to Promote Development

257

(1)

Demilitarization and Transitions to Civilian Rule

258

(4)

Key Terms

262

(1)

For Further Reading

262

(1)

Notes

263

(4)

Democratic Experiments and Multiparty Politics

267

(24)

Establishment of Single-Party Political Systems

268

(3)

Experimentation with Multiparty Politics

271

(10)

Change via Multiparty Elections

273

(1)

Change via the National Conference

274

(1)

Co-opted Transitions

275

(2)

Guided Democratization

277

(1)

Authoritarian Reaction

278

(2)

Civil War and Contested Sovereignty

280

(1)

Democratic Consolidation or Decay?

281

(5)

Key Terms

286

(1)

For Further Reading

287

(1)

Notes

288

(3)

PART VI FOREIGN RELATIONS

Foreign Policy Making and the Pursuit of Pan-Africanism

291

(26)

Understanding the Foreign Policy--Making Context

292

(7)

President and Bureaucracies of the Executive Branch

292

(3)

Role of National Legislatures in Foreign Policy

295

(1)

Foreign Policy Impact of Nongovernmental Actors

296

(3)

Pan-Africanism and the Organization of African Unity

299

(7)

Inviolability of Inherited Frontiers

300

(1)

Noninterference in Domestic Affairs

301

(1)

Peaceful Settlement of Disputes

302

(4)

Opposition to Colonialism and White Minority Rule

306

(1)

Regional Economic Cooperation and Integration

306

(5)

Key Terms

311

(1)

For Further Reading

311

(1)

Notes

312

(5)

Africa in World Politics

317

(30)

Role of Foreign Powers

318

(1)

Cooperation and Conflict during the Cold War

319

(6)

Complementary Interests among the Western Great Powers

320

(2)

Africa as a Proxy Battlefield for East-West Conflict

322

(1)

Indiscriminate Support for Allies

323

(2)

Emergence of the Cold Peace and Economic Competition

325

(9)

Transformation of Foreign Policy Interests

325

(1)

Rising Economic Competition among the Great Powers

326

(2)

Rhetoric versus Reality in Support for Democratization

328

(2)

Reassessments of Unilateral Interventions

330

(4)

Involvement in the United Nations

334

(2)

Influence of International Financial Institutions

336

(4)

Key Terms

340

(1)

For Further Reading

340

(1)

Notes

341

(6)

Appendix 1 List of Acronyms

347

(8)

Appendix 2 Country Name Changes in Africa during the Contemporary Independence Era

355

(4)

Appendix 3 Political Leadership in Africa during the Contemporary Independence Era

359

(10)

Index

369

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African Politics and Society A Continental Mosaic in Transformation

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials