Ageing Societies

This unique look at an increasingly important topic examines both the Developed and Less Developed Worlds, challenging the doom and burden scenario to show the opportunities and realities of an increasingly ageing population over the next twenty years. Topics include broad aspects of work, family, and health, as well as the theoretical issues of age, age discrimination, demographic change, and others.

Sarah Harper is Director of the Oxford Institute of Ageing at the University of Oxford, UK. She has taught and studied issues of demography and societal ageing in China, Scandinavia, Australia, and the USA, and was a professor in public policy at the University of Chicago, USA.

List of Figures

ix

List of Tables

xi

Preface

xiii

Acknowledgements

xv

Chapter 1 Ageing societies

1

(35)

Society's view of ageing

1

(2)

An ageing world

3

(1)

The world's oldest countries

3

(12)

Lengthening lives

15

(4)

Ageing societies/Ageing individuals

19

(1)

Demographic ageing and health care provision

19

(3)

Demographic ageing and the economy

22

(3)

Demographic change and families

25

(5)

Demographic change and development

30

(3)

Mature societies

33

(3)

Chapter 2 The dynamics of population ageing

36

(30)

The demographic transition

36

(2)

The secular shift in ageing

38

(3)

World population prospects

41

(3)

The mechanics of population change

44

(8)

Understanding the laws of mortality

52

(12)

In conclusion

64

(2)

Chapter 3 Understanding age and ageing

66

(28)

Age and ageing through time

66

(1)

Age

67

(4)

Generation

71

(7)

Cohort

78

(1)

Age and the life course

79

(4)

Understanding old age/Understanding post-reproductive life

83

(11)

Chapter 4 Retirement: from rest to reward to right

94

(31)

Historical trends in late life work and retirement

94

(4)

Changing attitudes to retirement

98

(3)

Concerns over the forecast dependency ratio

101

(11)

Incentives to retire

112

(3)

Work environment and the labour market

115

(3)

Health status, attitudes and expectations of workers

118

(3)

'Push' versus 'Pull'

121

(1)

From rest to reward to right

122

(1)

In conclusion

123

(2)

Chapter 5 Intergenerational contract and social security

125

(32)

The intergenerational contract

125

(3)

Providing late life social security for ageing populations

128

(2)

Pension reform

130

(3)

Move from defined benefit to defined contribution

133

(1)

The development of pension provision in the UK

134

(2)

Pension systems within countries of the European Union

136

(3)

Group One countries

139

(5)

Group Two countries

144

(7)

Reforms in the United States

151

(3)

Adopting the Anglo-American model? Implications for the intergenerational contract

154

(3)

Chapter 6 Changing families

157

(29)

Demographic change and families

157

(1)

Changing patterns of adult union

158

(6)

Ageing of life transitions

164

(8)

Changing family roles and relationships as societies age

172

(7)

Lengthening adult unions and parent—child relationships

179

(2)

Verticalisation of the family structure

181

(2)

In conclusion

183

(3)

Chapter 7 Intergenerational relationships and family care

186

(23)

Increasing long-term disability

186

(4)

Spectrum of formal and informal care resources

190

(5)

Changing availability of kin care

195

(2)

The availability of children to provide elder care in the USA

197

(3)

Working carers in Europe

200

(2)

Financial transfers

202

(1)

Family caregivers

202

(2)

Is there any evidence of a change in kin attitudes towards providing care?

204

(2)

In conclusion

206

(3)

Chapter 8 Late life economic security in developing countries

209

(23)

The effects of population ageing on the developing world

209

(4)

Broadening social security

213

(3)

Late life work and the economic contribution of older workers

216

(4)

Public programmes

220

(7)

Current debates

227

(2)

The need for reform

229

(3)

Chapter 9 Supporting families and elder care in developing countries

232

(19)

Health and social care needs

232

(5)

Family-based transfers

237

(1)

the heterogeneity of families

237

(2)

the vulnerability of families

239

(3)

Changing family structures in Africa

242

(4)

HIV/AIDS

246

(3)

In conclusion

249

(2)

Chapter 10 Equal treatment, equal rights: ending age discrimination

251

(20)

Age discrimination and ageism

251

(1)

Age discrimination and health care

252

(3)

Age discrimination and employment

255

(8)

Working and saving for retirement

263

(2)

Age discrimination and the development agenda

265

(6)

Chapter 11 Mature societies: planning for our future selves

271

(32)

Creating age-integrated societies

271

(1)

Age integration in the work place

272

(9)

Age integration in the family

281

(3)

Ageing and the development agenda

284

(7)

Reclaim old age

291

(3)

Developing a framework for understanding the dynamics of mature societies

294

(5)

In conclusion

299

(4)

Bibliography

303

(46)

Index

349

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Summary

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Ageing Societies

Summary

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Table of Contents

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