Agronomy of Grassland Systems

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ISBN: 9780521560108 | 0521560101
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 11/28/1997

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The challenges facing grassland agronomists are becoming increasingly complex, with environmental and ethical issues assuming a greater significance alongside more conventional technical aspects. This new expanded edition, with an increased emphasis on systems thinking, has been revised to reflect current concerns, knowledge and practice. As such it addresses the need for a different approach to grassland agronomy, providing novel and provocative material to instruct, stimulate and enthuse the reader.

Preface

1. Overview: perspectives on grassland systems

(17)

1.1. The social construction of grassland systems

(2)

1.2. Grassland issues or problems

(4)

1.3. Systems thinking

(1)

1.4. Representing grassland systems

(6)

1.4.1. Modelling

(5)

1.5. Purposes of grassland systems

(2)

1.6. Further reading

(1)

2. The emergence of grassland systems

(19)

2.1. Biological and ecological models that give rise to grassland systems

(4)

2.1.1. Clementsian succession

(1)

2.1.2. `New' thinking

(2)

2.1.3. The origins of `range science'

(1)

2.1.4. Traditional or `mainstream' approaches to grassland system development

(1)

2.2. Technologies that reveal and conceal - a case study

(4)

2.2.1. Increasing productivity

(2)

2.2.2. Thirty to fifty years later

(1)

2.2.3. Stepping outside our traditions

(1)

2.2.4. Responsibility in technology design

(1)

2.3. Present grassland systems

(7)

2.3.1. Global distribution of grassland systems

(2)

2.3.2. Animal industries

(3)

2.3.3. Grassland plant domestication

(2)

2.4. The agronomic manipulation of grassland systems

(1)

2.5. Further reading

(1)

3. Generation

(23)

3.1. Sources of seed

(5)

3.2. Sown seed

(6)

3.2.1. Time, rate and depth of sowing

(1)

3.2.2. Method of cultivation and sowing

(1)

3.2.3. Nutrition and seed treatment

(1)

3.2.4. Grazing

(1)

3.2.5. Herbicides

(1)

3.2.6. Burning

(1)

3.3. Dynamics of the seed bank

(5)

3.3.1. Seasonality of seed banks

(1)

3.3.2. Dormant and active seed

(4)

3.4. Germination

(2)

3.5. Vegetative generation

(1)

3.6. Systems modelling

(3)

3.7. Further reading

(1)

4. Vegetative growth

(23)

4.1. Emergence

(2)

4.1.1. Seedling type

(1)

4.1.2. Seed size and genotype

(1)

4.1.3. Seed bed

(1)

4.2. Establishment

(2)

4.3. Forms of development

(4)

4.3.1. Apex position

(1)

4.3.2. Leaves

(2)

4.3.3. Branches or tillers

(1)

4.3.4. Roots

(1)

4.4. Growth

(4)

4.4.1. Interception of Tradition

(1)

4.4.2. Utilization of radiation

(1)

4.4.3. Carbon balance

(1)

4.4.4. Efficiency of net primary productivity

(1)

4.5. Regrowth

(1)

4.6. Environmental effects on growth

(2)

4.6.1. Water availability

(1)

4.6.2. Temperature

(1)

4.6.3. Nutrition

(1)

4.6.4. Fire

(1)

4.7. Competition

(2)

4.7.1. Thinning

(1)

4.7.2. Competitiveness and growth rate

(1)

4.7.3. Weeds

(1)

4.7.4. Trees

(1)

4.8. Grazing effects on growth and development

(2)

4.9. Long-term changes in species composition

(1)

4.10. Modelling plant growth

(2)

4.11. Further reading

(1)

5. Flowering and seed production

(16)

5.1. Juvenility

(1)

5.2. Morphological changes at flowering

(1)

5.3. Flowering

(4)

5.3.1. Environmental controls of flowering

(3)

5.3.2. Autonomous flowering

(1)

5.3.3. Development of the inflorescence

(1)

5.4. Fertilization and seed formation

(5)

5.4.1. Breeding systems

(2)

5.4.2. Anthesis and fertilization

(1)

5.4.3. Seed production

(2)

5.5. Implications for grassland growth and management

(3)

5.5.1. Flowering and growth rate

(1)

5.5.2. Flowering and quality

(1)

5.5.3. Selection of cultivars

(1)

5.5.4. Sowing time

(1)

5.5.5. Management by defoliation

(1)

5.5.6. Fertilizer application

(1)

5.5.7. Diseases and pests associated with flowering

(1)

5.6. Systems modelling

(1)

5.7. Further reading

(1)

6. Mineral nutrition

(20)

6.1. The nutrient network

(3)

6.2. Soil fauna and flora

102

(3)

6.2.1. Rhizosphere organisms

102

(3)

6.3. Uptake by plants

105

(2)

6.3.1. Uptake of inorganic nutrients

105

(1)

6.3.2. Cation anion balance

105

(1)

6.3.3. Soil acidification by legume pastures

106

(1)

6.4. Distribution of nutrients within the plant

107

(1)

6.5. Senescence and element release from dead material

107

(3)

6.5.1. Herbage death

108

(1)

6.5.2. Dung and urine

108

(1)

6.5.3. Decomposition

108

(2)

6.6. Animal intake

110

(1)

6.7. Losses from the system

110

(1)

6.8. Element deficiency and fertilizer needs

111

(1)

6.9. Implications for grassland growth and management

112

(5)

6.9.1. Pesticides and herbicides

112

(1)

6.9.2. Types of N, P, K, S fertilizer

113

(1)

6.9.3. Efficiency of utilization of fertilizer

114

(1)

6.9.4. Amount of fertilizer required

114

(2)

6.9.5. Timing of fertilizing

116

(1)

6.9.6. Type and method of application of fertilizer

116

(1)

6.9.7. Grassland maintenance and restoration

116

(1)

6.10. Models for nutrient management

117

(1)

6.11. Further reading

118

(1)

7. Herbage quality and animal intake

119

(21)

7.1. The basis of herbage quality

119

(7)

7.1.1. Chemical composition

120

(1)

7.1.2. Cell structure

121

(1)

7.1.3. Variation among species

122

(2)

7.1.4. Ageing

124

(1)

7.1.5. Environment

125

(1)

7.1.6. Palatibility and edibility

126

(1)

7.2. Injurious substances

126

(3)

7.3. Sward structure

129

(1)

7.4. Herbage availability: grazing pressure

130

(2)

7.5. Animal type and productivity

132

(2)

7.5.1. Animal type

132

(1)

7.5.2. Utilization of energy

133

(1)

7.5.3. Intake and productivity

133

(1)

7.6. Implications for management

134

(5)

7.6.1. Production systems

134

(4)

7.6.2. Research and development towards managing nutritive value

138

(1)

7.7. Systems approaches

139

(1)

7.8. Further reading

139

(1)

8. Grassland - animal interactions and management

140

(21)

8.1. Animal effects on grassland

140

(3)

8.1.1. Selective grazing

140

(1)

8.1.2. Pulling

141

(1)

8.1.3. Treading and poaching

142

(1)

8.1.4. Fouling

142

(1)

8.2. Grazing management systems

143

(6)

8.2.1. Production per animal and per area

143

(2)

8.2.2. Herd experience, composition and timing of operations

145

(1)

8.2.3. Grazing interval: set stocking and block grazing

146

(2)

8.2.4. Regional grazing systems

148

(1)

8.3. Conservation and supplementation

149

(6)

8.3.1. Carryover feed

149

(1)

8.3.2. Hay and silage

150

(2)

8.3.3. Crop residues and by-products

152

(1)

8.3.4. Fodder crops

153

(1)

8.3.5. Supplements

154

(1)

8.4. `Feed year' planning

155

(2)

8.5. Efficiency of livestock production

157

(2)

8.5.1. Energy budgeting

157

(2)

8.5.2. Legume versus nitrogen-fertilized grass systems

159

(1)

8.5.3. Efficiency of use of support energy

159

(1)

8.6. Systems perspectives

159

(1)

8.7. Further reading

160

(1)

9. Grassland systems design

161

(27)

9.1. Grasslands in farming systems

161

(10)

9.1.1. Farming systems perspective

161

(1)

9.1.2. Integration of grasslands and cropping

162

(4)

9.1.3. Economic analysis

166

(3)

9.1.4. Gender and culture

169

(1)

9.1.5. Farm technology

170

(1)

9.2. Grasslands and other forms of human activity

171

(3)

9.2.1. Agro-industrial systems for using grassland plants

172

(2)

9.2.2. Grasslands in aesthetics and conservation

174

(1)

9.3. Design of future grassland systems

174

(3)

9.3.1. Participation in designing

175

(2)

9.3.2. Future scenarios

177

(1)

9.4. Regional design

177

(3)

9.5. National issues

180

(3)

9.5.1. National purposes for grassland systems

180

(2)

9.5.2. Grassland research

182

(1)

9.6. Global design

183

(3)

9.6.1. Human health and food supply

183

(2)

9.6.2. Biodiversity

185

(1)

9.6.3. Sustaining organic matter and nutrients

185

(1)

9.6.4. Responding to climate change

186

(1)

9.7. Conclusion

186

(1)

9.8. Further reading

187

(1)

References

188

(30)

Index

218

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Agronomy of Grassland Systems

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Table of Contents

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