AIDS Update 2001 : An Annual Overview of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

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ISBN: 9780130909626 | 0130909629
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 12/1/2000

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This text requires no biology prerequisite, and is the most comprehensive, authoritative, accurate, and up-to-date textbook on HIV/AIDS currently available. It presents the entire 17-year chronology of the AIDS pandemic in a reasonable, logical, and scientific manner that interweaves biological, clinical, social, and legal discoveries in a uniquely readable presentation.

Preface

xiv

Introduction: Histories of Global Pandemics, World AIDS Conferences, Overview of HIV/AIDS, and the AIDS Quilt

(28)

Discovering AIDS, Naming the Disease

(9)

Chapter Concepts

(1)

Aids: A Disease Or A Syndrome?

(1)

What Causes Aids?

(1)

How Does HIV Cause Aids?

(2)

The New York Times and A.I.D.S., August 8, 1982

(1)

Discovery Of The Aids Virus

(1)

The Centers For Disease Control And Prevention Reports

(2)

Defining The Illness: Aids Surveillance

(3)

Summary

(1)

Review Questions

(1)

References

(1)

What Causes AIDS: Origin of the AIDS Virus

(22)

Chapter Concepts

(1)

The Cause Of Aids: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus

(12)

Sex and HIV Do Not Cause AIDS!

(2)

Science Takes a Back Seat to Politics

(7)

The United States Government Created HIV

(1)

The Relationship Between the Human Immunodeficiency Virus and the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

(1)

Origin Of HIV: The Aids Virus

(8)

The Cause and Effect of Diseases: The Unbroken Chain

(3)

Scientists Report on Earliest AIDS Case

(3)

Origin of HIV in Humans: A Competing Hypothesis

(2)

Summary On The Origin Of HIV

(1)

Summary

(1)

Review Questions

(1)

References

(1)

Biological Characteristics of the AIDS Virus

(19)

Chapter Concepts

(1)

Retroviruses

(1)

Viral Specificity

(1)

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

(3)

Basic Genetic Structure Of Retroviral Genomes

(8)

Genetic Mutation

(1)

Genetic Recombination In HIV

(1)

Distinct Genotypes (Subtypes/Clades) Of HIV-1 Worldwide Based On Env And Gag Proteins

(4)

Mysteries of HIV Subtypes

(1)

First Confirmed Cases of HIV Group O Caused AIDS

(1)

Summary

(1)

Review Questions

(1)

References

(2)

Anti-HIV Therapy

(46)

Chapter Concepts

(1)

Goals For Anti-HIV Therapy

(2)

Drug Therapy for William ``Skip'' Bluette

(1)

Anti-HIV Drugs Having Fda Approval

(2)

Medical Benefit: A Cure?

(1)

Vigil for William ``Skip'' Bluette

(1)

William ``Skip'' Bluette: May 18, 1946-July 17, 1988

(1)

FDA-Approved Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

(2)

The End of AIDS?

(1)

Development And Selection Of HIV Drug-Resistant Mutants

(3)

How Combination Drug Therapy Can Reduce The Chance Of HIV Drug Resistance

(4)

The Drug Development and Approval Process

(1)

Does Society Want Miracle Drugs for HIV?: The New Treatments Could Make the Pandemic Worse!

(2)

Viral Load: Its Relationship to HIV Disease And Aids

(4)

What Are My Options?

(2)

Determination of Viral Load and Questions People Ask

(2)

False Positive Viral Loads?

(1)

Use Of Non-Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

(1)

FDA-Approved Protease Inhibitors

(1)

Protease Inhibitors

(7)

Protease Inhibitors: Extending Life; The Downside of this Gift--Recovery?

100

(4)

Monetary Reasons for Producing Antiretroviral Drugs

104

(1)

Update 2000

104

(1)

Two Most Sobering Reports On Aids-Related Deaths

105

(9)

Current Problems Using Combination Therapy

105

(1)

The New AIDS Drugs: Timing Is Crucial

106

(4)

Current Drug/Patient Regimens May Call for a Specialist

110

(2)

Can Combination Therapy Using Nucleoside Analogs with Protease Inhibitors Cure HIV Disease?

112

(2)

Pediatric Anti-HIV Therapy

114

(1)

Testing of Anti-HIV Drugs for Post Exposure Prevention

114

(1)

Protease Inhibitors And Pregnancy

115

(1)

Disclaimer

115

(1)

Summary

115

(4)

AIDS Deaths Decreasing in the United States

116

(2)

Dramatic Health Improvements Among AIDS Patients Cause a Shift in United States Health Care Policies

118

(1)

The Cost of Staying Alive Increases with Each New Therapy

118

(1)

Some Aids Therapy Information Hotlines

119

(1)

Other Organizations And Websites

120

(1)

Review Questions

121

(1)

References

121

(4)

The Immunology of HIV Disease / AIDS

125

(28)

Chapter Concepts

125

(1)

The Immune System

125

(1)

Development Of Human Immune System Cells

126

(1)

How Large Is a Trillion?

127

(8)

Understand the Difference Between Health and Disease, Immunologists Need to Understand the Immune System!

130

(4)

Measures and Countermeasures: The Human Immune System vs. Viruses

134

(1)

Class I and Class II Proteins

135

(1)

Antibodies And Viruses

135

(3)

The Big Questions

136

(2)

Antibodies and HIV Disease

138

(3)

What Are Cell Receptors?

138

(1)

The First Look at How HIV's gp120 Envelope Glycoprotein Changes Shape to Attach to CD4 and Chemokine Receptors

139

(2)

Fusin Or Cxckr-4 (X4)

141

(1)

Genetic Resistance to HIV Infection

142

(1)

T4 Cell Depletion and Immune Suppression

143

(3)

Cofactors Expedite HIV Infection

144

(2)

Impact Of T4 Cell Depletion

146

(1)

Role Of Monocytes And Macrophages In HIV Infection

147

(3)

Summary

150

(1)

Review Questions

150

(1)

References

151

(2)

Opportunistic Infections and Cancers Associated with HIV Disease \ AIDS

153

(29)

Chapter Concepts

153

(1)

What Is An Opportunistic Disease?

153

(1)

The Prevalence of Opportunistic Diseases

154

(1)

Prophylaxixs Against Opportunistic Infections

154

(1)

Opportunistic Infections In HIV-Infected People

154

(16)

The Changing Spectrum of Opportunistic Infections

156

(9)

Physician's Agonizing Dilemma

165

(5)

Cancer In Aids Patients

170

(8)

Tuberculosis (TB), a Major Killer

171

(1)

Life Goes On!

172

(6)

Neuropathies In HIV Disease / Aids Patients

178

(1)

Disclaimer

179

(1)

Summary

179

(1)

Review Questions

179

(1)

References

179

(3)

A Profile of Biological Indicators for HIV Disease and Progression to AIDS

182

(26)

Chapter Concepts

182

(1)

HIV Disease Defined

182

(2)

Description of an AIDS Patient

183

(1)

Variation of Initial Symptoms After HIV Infection

183

(1)

Stages Of HIV Disease

184

(5)

One Mistake Cost Him His Life

185

(4)

HIV Disease Without Symptoms, With Symptoms, and Aids

189

(1)

Aspects Of HIV Infection

190

(4)

Primary Case Presentations

190

(1)

Evolution of HIV During HIV Disease Progression

191

(2)

Development of AIDS Over Time

193

(1)

Production Of HIV-Specific Antibodies

194

(4)

Are There Long-Term Adult Nonprogressors of HIV Disease--Yes!--Why?

195

(3)

Prognostic Biological Markers Related to Aids Progression

198

(3)

Seroreversion: Change from HIV-Positive to HIV-Negative!

200

(1)

HIV Infection Of The Central Nervous System

201

(3)

Viral Load and T4 Cell Counts: Their Use in Clinical Practice

202

(2)

Pediatric Clinical Signs And Symptoms

204

(1)

Summary

205

(1)

Review Questions

205

(1)

References

205

(3)

Epidemiology and Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus

208

(61)

Chapter Concepts

208

(1)

HIV as A Communicable Disease

209

(1)

Public Opinion on How the New Disease--AIDS--Was Transmitted June 1983

209

(1)

We Must Stop HIV Transmission Now!

210

(1)

Epidemiology Of HIV Infection

210

(1)

Transmission Of Two Strains Of HIV (HIV-1/HIV-2)

210

(2)

Is HIV Transmitted By Insects?

212

(1)

Consequences of Ignoring HIV

212

(1)

Transmission of HIV

213

(1)

Casual Transmission

213

(1)

HIV Transmission In Family Household Settings

213

(1)

Noncasual Transmission

214

(45)

Relative Dose: The Swimming Pool Analogy

217

(3)

Federal Study Committee Advises the Food and Drug Administration on the Acceptance of Blood Donations in the Time of AIDS, July 1983

220

(2)

Danger of HIV Infection via Artificial Insemination

222

(2)

Deadly Innocence: A Murder Mystery?

224

(3)

HIV/AIDS Roulette

227

(1)

Distribution of HIV-Contaminated Blood: France, Germany, the United States, and Other Countries

228

(5)

Effectiveness of Screening Health Care Workers for HIV in the United States

233

(1)

Re-infection Among HIV-Positive Gay Men

234

(1)

Intentionally Seeking HIV Infection

235

(1)

Gay Men Putting Themselves at High Risk for HIV Infection

236

(3)

Sports and HIV / AIDS: Earvin ``Magic'' Johnson and Other Athletes

239

(8)

Rapid Spread of HIV Through Injection Drug Use

247

(1)

HIV Transmission: Preparation and Use of Injection Drugs

248

(1)

Assault with HIV

249

(3)

HIV Terrorism, Johannesburg, South Africa

252

(1)

Mexican Doctors Transplant HIV-Infected Kidneys

252

(1)

Probably the Number One Risk Cofactor for HIV Is a Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD)

253

(5)

When the Wonderful News ``You're Pregnant'' Becomes a Tragedy

258

(1)

Update

259

(1)

Logic

259

(3)

Is Breastfeeding Policy for Women in Undeveloped Nations Changing?

260

(1)

HIV and Senior Citizens

260

(2)

Public Confidence: Acceptance Of Current Dogma On Routes Of HIV Transmission

262

(1)

National Aids Resources

263

(1)

Summary

263

(1)

Review Questions

263

(1)

References

264

(5)

Preventing the Transmission of HIV

269

(50)

Chapter Concepts

269

(1)

The Millennium Virus

269

(1)

Global Prevention

269

(1)

Prevention Of Infectious Diseases: HIV/AIDS

270

(1)

Preventing The Transmission Of HIV

271

(5)

HIV Prevention Education--United States

271

(5)

New Rules to An Old Game: Promoting Safer Sex

276

(13)

HIV and International Travelers

277

(1)

Education Versus Risk: It Is Not What You Know, It Is What You Do

278

(1)

Clarifying the Issues Over Condom Use

279

(9)

Questions and Answers About the Female Condom

288

(1)

Injection Drug Use and HIV Transmission: The Twin Epidemics

289

(1)

HIV Prevention For Injection Drug Users

290

(7)

The Controversy: Providing Sterile Syringes and Needles to Injection Drug Users (IDUs)

291

(4)

Needle-Syringe Laws--United States

295

(2)

Prevention Of Blood And Blood Product HIV Transmission

297

(3)

Americans Support Sex Education and Condoms in Schools and in TV Ads, and Needle Exchange Programs

298

(2)

Blood Transfusions: A Gift of Life or the Carrier of Death?

300

(1)

Infection Control Procedures

300

(3)

Universal Precautions

302

(1)

Partner Notification

303

(2)

HIV Vaccine Development

305

(3)

The Goal Of Developing an HIV Vaccine

305

(3)

Vaccine Production

308

(2)

HIV Vaccine: Prevention and Therapy

309

(1)

Problems In The Search For HIV Vaccine

310

(2)

Human HIV Vaccine Trials

312

(2)

Summary

314

(1)

Review Questions

315

(1)

References

315

(4)

Prevalence of HIV Infections, AIDS Cases, and Deaths Among Select Groups in the United States

319

(37)

Chapter Concepts

319

(1)

A Word About Data

319

(1)

The Millennium Year 2001

320

(1)

Old Formula For Estimating HIV Infections

321

(1)

Newer Formula For Estimating HIV Infections

322

(1)

The HIV/AIDS Scenario

322

(1)

The HIV/AIDS Pandemic Has Limits

322

(1)

Behavioral Risk Groups And Statistical Evaluation

322

(18)

The Latino Community

331

(4)

Africa, The HIV/AIDS Time Bomb: It Is Ticking Out of Control

335

(1)

Connected but Separate

336

(3)

Where Older Patients with HIV Disease Can Get Help

339

(1)

Estimates Of HIV Infection And Future AIDS Cases

340

(4)

HIV/AIDS Data Collection and Deficiencies

341

(1)

Justification for HIV Case Reporting in the United States

342

(2)

United States Estimates Lead to Confusion. Whose Figures Are Correct?: Issues Of Credibility

344

(3)

Shape Of The HIV Pandemic: United States

347

(1)

Shape Of AIDS Pandemic: United States

348

(1)

Estimates Of Deaths And Years Of Potential Life Lost Due to AIDS In The United States

348

(2)

No Aids-Related Obituaries: First Time in 17 Years

349

(1)

United States: 778,000 AIDS Cases Beginning 2001

349

(1)

Looking Back 10.1

350

(1)

Who Is Dying Of AIDS?

350

(2)

Life Expectancy

352

(1)

Summary

352

(1)

Resources

353

(1)

Review Questions

353

(1)

References

353

(3)

Prevalence of HIV Infection and AIDS Cases Among Women, Children, and Teenagers in the United States

356

(38)

Chapter Concepts

356

(1)

Women And AIDS Worldwide

356

(3)

Africa: Poverty and Rituals Lead to the Spread of HIV

358

(1)

Women: HIV-Positive And AIDS Cases---United States

359

(12)

Profile: Women With HIV/AIDS in the United States

359

(4)

HIV Infection Among Women

363

(1)

Women + Sexual Partners + Deception = AIDS

364

(1)

Special Problems for Heterosexual Women

364

(2)

Gender: A Broad Definition

366

(2)

An AIDS Clinical Drug Trial---By Definition

368

(1)

One Woman's Comments on Her HIV Disease Treatments

369

(1)

Proportion of Women Taking HIV Test

369

(1)

Ruth's Poem

370

(1)

Internet

371

(1)

HIV-Infected Women: Difficult Choices During Pregnancy

372

(1)

Pediatric HIV-Positive And AIDS Cases---United States

372

(10)

Natural Conception in HIV-Negative Women with HIV-Infected Partners

373

(4)

Central America---Honduras

377

(2)

Orphaned Children Due to HIV Infection and AIDS

379

(1)

Worldwide: Children with HIV/AIDS

380

(1)

South Africa's President Thabo Mbeki Refuses to Supply Zidovudine to Inhibit Vertical Transmission

381

(1)

Johannesburg, South Africa

382

(1)

Global HIV Infections In Young Adults

382

(2)

AIDS Creating Orphans: Example---Zimbabwe

383

(1)

Teenagers: HIV-Positive And AIDS Cases---United States

384

(5)

Perils of Unsafe Sex

385

(1)

HIV Infected Children: Living Longer---Paying a Price

386

(1)

Britain: Young Adults and Unprotected Sex

387

(1)

Federal Public Health Policy Supports Abstinence-Only Program

387

(1)

HIV Spreading Rapidly Among Teenage Gay Males

388

(1)

Teenagers and HIV/AIDS in Africa

389

(1)

Internet

389

(1)

Other Useful Sources

389

(2)

Thoughts and Comments from a Generation at Risk

390

(1)

Can Life Get Worse than Being Young, Homeless and Dying of Aids?

390

(1)

Summary

391

(1)

Review Questions

391

(1)

References

391

(3)

Testing for Human Immunodeficiency Virus

394

(43)

Chapter Concepts

394

(1)

Determining The Presence Of Antibody Produced When HIV Is Present

394

(1)

Annual HIV Testing Day

395

(1)

Requests For HIV Testing

395

(1)

Reasons For HIV Testing

395

(1)

An Assumption of AIDS Without the HIV Test: It Shatters Lives

396

Immunodiagnostic Techniques For Detecting Antibodies to HIV

395

(2)

Looking Back The Miami Herald and Chicago Tribune, 1985 12.1

397

(1)

Elisa HIV-Antibody Test

397

(10)

HIV Testing of Teenagers

399

(2)

Pre-test Patient Information

401

(3)

Improved ELISA Testing, Screening for p24 Antigen, and Blood Donor Interviews Lower HIV in Nation's Blood Supply

404

(2)

The Performance Rate for the Combined ELISA and Western Blot HIV Test

406

(1)

Western Blot Assay

407

(3)

New ELISA Testing Procedures Reveal Early vs. Late HIV Infection

408

(2)

Other Screening And Confirmatory Tests

410

(4)

Some Relative Drawbacks to the Current HIV Screening Test-ELISA/Western Blot

410

(4)

Rapid HIV Testing

414

(2)

Blood Vs. Urine: Outcome of HIV Test May Differ (Discordant Results)

415

(1)

Saliva HIV Test?

416

(1)

Viral Load: Measuring HIV RNA

416

(1)

Viral Load False Positives

417

(1)

Detection Of HIV Infection In Newborns

417

(1)

FDA Approves Two Home HIV-Antibody Test Kits

417

(4)

Discussion of HIV Diagnostic Tests

419

(2)

Reporting HIV Infections

421

(1)

Federal Trade Commission Warns of Poor HIV Home Test Kits

421

(1)

Black Ministers Lead by Example

422

(1)

Who Should Be Tested For HIV Infection?

422

(1)

The Physician's Dilemma

423

(1)

Why Is HIV Test Information Necessary?

423

(2)

United States Public Health Service (USPHS) Recommendations for HIV Counseling and Voluntary Testing for All Pregnant Women

425

(1)

A Weak Link in HIV Testing

425

(1)

Testing Competency, And Informed Consent

425

(7)

Boxer Stripped of Featherweight Title After Positive HIV Test

426

(2)

Mandatory HIV Testing

428

(2)

Type of Testing Can Foster Medical Care

430

(1)

Florida: Health Care Worker Leaks Confidential HIV Information

431

(1)

Legislature Survey of State Confidentiality Laws

431

(1)

Person-to-Person: Disclosure Of HIV Infection

432

(1)

Summary

432

(2)

Deciding Confidentiality---Is the Majority Right?

433

(1)

Confidentiality and Sexual Partner Betrayal

433

(1)

Review Questions

434

(1)

References

434

(3)

AIDS and Society: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior

437

(42)

Chapter Concepts

437

(1)

The New Millennium And HIV/AIDS

437

(1)

HIV/AIDS Is An Unusual Disease

437

(1)

AIDS Is Here to Stay

438

(1)

AIDS

438

(1)

A Mother's Nightmare

438

(1)

Blame Someone, Deja vu

439

(2)

Do People Really Trust Science?

440

(1)

Fear: Panic And Hysteria Over The Spread Of HIV/AIDS In The United States

441

(1)

Actions Of Courage

442

(2)

Examples of Uncontrolled Fear and Hostility

443

(1)

Whom Is The General Public to Believe?

444

(8)

Patsy Clarke's Correspondence with United States Senator Jesse Helms About AIDS

445

(3)

A Southern University Student's Experience

448

(1)

How Some People Responded After Learning That Someone Had AIDS

449

(3)

Hatred Expressed

452

(1)

Newspaper Headline Shocks Readers

452

(1)

AIDS Education And Behavior

452

(10)

When One with AIDS Comes Forth

453

(2)

AIDS Stigma: Changing Attitudes

455

(1)

The Way We Are

456

(1)

The Red Ribbon

457

(1)

Anecdote: Father and Son Exchange Sex Information

457

(1)

Recommended Film: Dawn's Gift

457

(2)

Examples of Adult Reactions to HIV/AIDS vs. the Courts

459

(2)

The Right to Privacy

461

(1)

The Character Of Society

462

(12)

Dealing with Discrimination

467

(11)

HIV Transmitted by Australian Surgeon

478

HIV Transmitted by Australian and French Surgeons

471

(1)

My First AIDS Experience

472

(2)

Current View of Health Care Workers Who Are HIV-Infected

474

(1)

Federal Response to The HIV/AIDS Pandemic: Creation Of An AIDS Industry

474

(2)

United States Government Believes HIV/AIDS Is A Threat to National Security

476

(1)

Summary

476

(1)

Review Questions

477

(1)

References

477

(2)

Epilogue

479

(2)

What A Difference A Decade Makes

479

(2)

Answers to Review Questions

481

(5)

Glossary

486

(8)

Index

494

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AIDS Update 2001 : An Annual Overview of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials