Air Pollutants and the Respiratory Tract,

Duke Univ. School of Medicine, Durham, NC. Examines research on epidemiology to the cellular mechanisms underlying cardiopulmonary responses in air pollution. Provides a current summary of the effects of ambient air pollution on the human cardiopulmonary system. Also offers growing areas of interest. Previous edition: c1999.

Introduction

Claude Lenfant

iii

Preface

v

Contributors

ix

1. Air Pollution and Health Effects: Evidence from Epidemiologic Studies

1

(20)

Annette Peters and Douglas W. Dockery

I. Introduction

1

(1)

II. What Have Epidemiologic Studies Taught Us?

2

(10)

III. Summary

12

(1)

References

12

(9)

2. Particulate Dosimetry in the Respiratory Tract

21

(54)

William D. Bennett and James S. Brown

I. Introduction

21

(1)

II. Structure of the Respiratory Tract

22

(2)

III. Particle Deposition in the RespiratoryTract

24

(17)

IV. Particle Clearance and Translocation from the Respiratory Tract

41

(14)

V. Summary

55

(2)

References

57

(18)

3. Bioavailability of Particle-Associated Air Pollutants and Relationship to Cardiopulmonary Injury

75

(60)

Urmila P. Kodavanti and William P. Watkinson

I. Introduction

75

(1)

II. Regional Composition of PM and Associated Health Outcomes

76

(5)

III. Composition and Characteristics of PM Determine Bioavailability

81

(7)

IV. Bioavailability of PM and Links to Pulmonary Injury

88

(13)

V. Bioavailability of PM and Links to Cardiovascular Effects

101

(11)

VI. Summary

112

(1)

References

113

(22)

4. Genetic Susceptibility Factors in the Cardiopulmonary Response to Air Pollution

135

(22)

Terry Gordon

I. Introduction

135

(1)

II. Classic Genetic Models

136

(10)

III. Genetically Modified Mice

146

(3)

IV. Conclusion

149

(1)

References

150

(7)

5. Air Pollutants, Epithelial Surfaces, and Lung Disease

157

(38)

Jeffrey G. Sherman, Janice L. Peake, Viviana J. Wong, and Kent E. Pinkerton

I. Introduction

157

(1)

II. Nasal Passages

158

(2)

III. Nasopharynx and Larynx

160

(1)

IV. Tracheobronchial Tree

160

(1)

V. Respiratory Bronchioles

160

(4)

VI. Lung Parenchyma

164

(1)

VII. Functions of the Epithelium

164

(2)

VIII. Epithelial Cell Metabolism

166

(3)

IX. Epithelial Surfaces, Air Pollutants, and Lung Disease

169

(13)

X. Conclusions

182

(1)

References

182

(13)

6. Irritant Agonists and Air Pollutants: Neurologically Mediated Respiratory and Cardiovascular Responses

195

(38)

Stephen H. Gavett, Marian Kollarik, and Bradley J. Undem

I. Introduction

195

(1)

II. Sensory Innervation of the Airways

196

(7)

III. CNS Integration

203

(1)

IV. Autonomic Nerves

204

(2)

V. Airway and Cardiovascular Responses Initiated by Airway Mucosal Sensory Nerves

206

(1)

VI. Neurologically Mediated Responses to Air Pollutants

207

(12)

VII. Summary

219

(1)

References

220

(13)

7. Signal Transduction and Cytokine Expression in Particulate Matter (PM)-Induced Airway Remodeling

233

(26)

Dianne M. Walters and James C. Bonner

I. Introduction

233

(3)

II. Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species in Particle-Induced Lung Disease

236

(1)

III. Inflammation and Induction of Proinflammatory Mediators

237

(6)

IV. PM-Induced Airway Fibrotic Reactions

243

(4)

V. PM-Induced Airway Epithelial Cell Growth and Differentiation

247

(3)

VI. Summary

250

(1)

References

251

(8)

8. Chronic Exposure and Susceptibility to Oxidant Air Pollutants

259

(44)

Ira B. Tager

I. Introduction

259

(5)

II. Standards, Origin, and Sources

264

(7)

III. Health Effects Related to Chronic Exposure to Oxidant Air Pollutants

271

(3)

IV. Exposure and Deposition as Susceptibility Factors for Health Effects Related to Chronic Exposures

274

(5)

V. Evidence for Health Effects Associated with Chronic Exposure to Oxidant Air Pollutants

279

(11)

VI. Summary and Conclusions

290

(1)

References

291

(12)

9. Pulmonary Toxicity of Occupational and Environmental Exposures to Fibers and Nano-Sized Particulate

303

(26)

David B. Warheit

I. Introduction

303

(2)

II. Occupational Lung Diseases

305

(3)

III. Crystalline Silica

308

(3)

IV. Poorly Soluble Particulate Matter

311

(12)

V. Conclusions

323

(1)

References

324

(5)

10. Biological Airborne Pollutants

329

(28)

Harriet A. Burge

I. Introduction

329

(1)

II. Bioaerosol Disease Burdens

330

(1)

III. Definitions

330

(2)

IV. Overview of Diseases Related to Bioaerosol Exposure

332

(9)

V. Important Environmental Reservoirs

341

(1)

VI. Measurements

342

(1)

VII. Control

343

(1)

VIII. Conclusions

344

(1)

References

345

(12)

11. Combustion Emissions: Contribution to Air Pollution, Human Exposure and Risk to Cancer, and Related Effects

357

(48)

Joellen Lewtas

I. Introduction

357

(1)

II. Combustion Emissions: Source Characterization, Ambient Source Apportionment, and Exposure

358

(17)

III. Biomarkers of Exposure, Dose, Susceptibility, and Risk to Air Pollution and Combustion Emissions

375

(6)

IV. Summary

381

(1)

References

382

(23)

12. Air Pollution, Public Health, and Regulatory Considerations

405

(38)

Morton Lippmann

I. Historical Background

405

(1)

II. Public Perceptions of Air Pollution

406

(2)

III. Measured Impacts of Airborne Particulate Matter on Public Health

408

(14)

IV. Standards and Guidelines to Protect Ambient Air Quality

422

(5)

V. Benefits and Costs of the CAA

427

(9)

VI. Unresolved Issues

436

(3)

VII. Summary

439

(1)

References

440

(3)

Index

443

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