Aircraft Fuel Systems

, by Langton, Roy; Clark, Chuck; Hewitt, Martin; Richards, Lonnie; Moir, Ian; Seabridge, Allan

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ISBN: 9780470057087 | 0470057084
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/7/2009

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With Aircraft Fuel Systems, the editors have provided a unique offering that integrates all aspects of fuel products and systems including fuel handling, quantity gauging and management functions for both commercial (civil) and military applications.

Acknowledgements	p. xiii
List of Acronyms	p. xv
Series Preface	p. xix
Introduction	p. 1
Review of Fuel Systems Issues	p. 2
Basic Fuel System Characteristics and Functions	p. 2
Fuel Quantity Measurement	p. 6
Fuel Properties and Environmental Issues	p. 8
The Fuel System Design and Development Process	p. 11
Program Management	p. 12
Design and Development Support Tools	p. 13
Functional Maturity	p. 14
Testing and Certification	p. 14
Fuel System Examples and Future Technologies	p. 15
Terminology	p. 15
Fuel System Design Drivers	p. 19
Design Drivers	p. 21
Intended Aircraft Mission	p. 21
Dispatch Reliability Goals	p. 21
Fuel Tank Boundaries and Tank Location Issues	p. 22
Measurement and Management System Functional Requirements	p. 26
Electrical Power Management Architecture and Capacity	p. 26
Identification and Mitigation of Safety Risks	p. 27
Fuel System Risks	p. 28
Fuel Storage	p. 31
Tank Geometry and Location Issues for Commercial Aircraft	p. 32
Operational Considerations	p. 36
CG Shift due to Fuel Storage	p. 36
Unusable Fuel	p. 39
Fuel Tank Venting	p. 41
Vent System Sizing	p. 45
Military Aircraft Fuel Storage Issues	p. 45
Drop Tanks and Conformal Tanks	p. 48
Closed Vent Systems	p. 48
Maintenance Considerations	p. 49
Access	p. 49
Contamination	p. 50
Fuel System Functions of Commercial Aircraft	p. 53
Refueling and Defueling	p. 54
Pressure Refueling	p. 54
Defueling	p. 58
Engine and APU Feed	p. 59
Feed Tank and Engine Location Effects	p. 59
Feed Pumping Systems	p. 60
Feed Tank Scavenging	p. 65
Negative g Considerations	p. 65
Crossfeed	p. 66
Integrated Feed System Solution	p. 67
Feed System Design Practices	p. 69
Fuel Transfer	p. 70
Fuel Burn Scheduling	p. 70
Wing Load Alleviation	p. 72
Fuel Transfer System Design Requirements	p. 72
Fuel Jettison	p. 73
Jettison System Example	p. 74
Fuel Quantity Gauging	p. 76
Architectural Considerations	p. 78
Fuel Load Planning	p. 82
Leak Detection	p. 83
Fuel Management and Control	p. 84
Refuel Distribution	p. 86
In-flight Fuel Management	p. 88
Fuel Management System Architecture Considerations	p. 91
Flight Deck Displays, Warnings and Advisories	p. 91
Ancillary Systems	p. 93
Fuel System Functions of Military Aircraft and Helicopters	p. 97
Refueling and Defueling	p. 98
Pressure Refueling	p. 98
Defueling	p. 102
Engine and APU Feed	p. 103
Fuel Transfer	p. 104
Aerial Refueling	p. 106
Design and Operational Issues Associated with Aerial Refueling	p. 108
Flying Boom System	p. 109
Probe and Drogue Systems	p. 111
Fuel Measurement and Management Systems in Military Applications	p. 112
KC-135 Aerial Refueling Tanker Fuel Measurement and Management System	p. 112
Helicopter Fuel Systems	p. 116
Fluid Mechanical Equipment	p. 119
Ground Refueling and Defueling Equipment	p. 120
Refueling and Defueling Adaptors	p. 120
Refuel Shut-off Valves	p. 121
Fuel Transfer Valves	p. 131
Fuel Tank Venting and Pressurization Equipment	p. 133
Aerial Refueling Equipment	p. 137
The Flying Boom System Equipment	p. 137
The Probe and Drogue System Equipment	p. 139
Equipment Sizing	p. 142
Valve Configuration and Pressure Drop Estimation	p. 142
Fuel Pumps	p. 143
Ejector Pumps	p. 143
Motor-driven pumps	p. 145
Fuel Measurement and Management Equipment	p. 157
Fuel Gauging Sensor Technology	p. 158
Capacitance Gauging	p. 158
Ultrasonic Gauging	p. 177
Density Sensor Technology	p. 186
Level Sensing	p. 191
Secondary Gauging	p. 193
Harnesses	p. 195
In-Tank Harnesses	p. 195
Out-Tank Harnesses	p. 197
Avionics Equipment	p. 197
Requirements	p. 197
Data Concentration	p. 198
Avionics Integration	p. 198
Integration of Fuel Management	p. 199
Fuel Quantity Display	p. 200
Fuel Properties	p. 203
The Refinement Process	p. 203
Fuel Specification Properties of Interest	p. 205
Distillation Process Limits	p. 205
Flashpoint	p. 205
Vapor Pressure	p. 206
Viscosity	p. 207
Freeze Point	p. 208
Density	p. 208
Thermal Stability	p. 209
Operational Considerations	p. 209
Fuel Temperature Considerations-Feed and Transfer	p. 209
Fuel Property Issues Associated with Quantity Gauging	p. 210
Intrinsic Safety, Electro Magnetics and Electrostatics	p. 215
Intrinsic Safety	p. 216
Threats from Energy Storage within the Signal Conditioning Avionics	p. 217
Lightning	p. 217
Threats from Induced Transients in Electronic Equipment	p. 218
Protecting the Signal Conditioning Avionics from Lightning	p. 221
EMI/HIRF	p. 221
Threats from HIRE Energy Transfer	p. 221
Protecting the Signal Conditioning Avionics from HIRF	p. 222
Electrostatics	p. 222
Fuel Tank Inerting	p. 225
Early Military Inerting Systems	p. 225
Current Technology Inerting Systems	p. 229
Military Aircraft Inerting Systems	p. 229
Commercial Aircraft Inerting Systems	p. 231
Design Considerations for Open Vent Systems	p. 235
Operational Issues with Permeable Membrane Inerting Systems	p. 236
Fiber In-service Performance	p. 236
Separator Performance Measurement	p. 237
NEA Distribution	p. 237
Design Development and Certification	p. 239
Evolution of the Design and Development Process	p. 239
System Design and Development - a Disciplined Methodology	p. 243
The 'V' Diagram	p. 245
Software Development	p. 246
Program Management	p. 248
Supplier Team Organization	p. 249
Risk Management	p. 250
Management Activities	p. 252
Maturity Management	p. 254
Installation Considerations	p. 256
Modeling and Simulation	p. 259
Certification	p. 263
Certification of Commercial Aircraft Fuel Systems	p. 263
Flight Test Considerations	p. 264
Certification of Military Aircraft Fuel Systems	p. 266
Fuel System Icing Tests	p. 268
Icing Test Rigs	p. 269
Fuel Conditioning	p. 269
Fuel System Design Examples	p. 271
The Bombardier Global ExpressTM	p. 272
Fuel Storage	p. 273
Fluid Mechanical System Design	p. 275
Fuel Measurement and Management	p. 277
Flight Deck Equipment	p. 278
Operational Considerations	p. 278
Embraer 170/190 Regional Jet	p. 280
Fuel Storage and Venting	p. 280
The Refuel and Defuel System	p. 282
In-flight Operation	p. 283
System Architecture	p. 284
Fuel Quantity Gauging	p. 286
In-service Maturity	p. 287
The Boeing 777 Wide-Bodied Airliner	p. 288
Fuel Storage	p. 289
Fluid-Mechanical System	p. 292
Fuel Measurement and Management	p. 296
The Airbus A380 Wide-Bodied Airliner	p. 301
Fuel Storage	p. 302
Fluid-Mechanical System	p. 303
Fuel Measurement and Management System (FMMS)	p. 309
The Anglo-French Concorde	p. 315
Fuel System Operational and Thermal Design Issues	p. 316
Refuel System	p. 317
Fuel Transfer and Jettison	p. 317
Fuel Feed	p. 321
Vent System	p. 324
New and Future Technologies	p. 327
Fuel Measurement and Management	p. 327
Fuel Measurement	p. 327
Fuel Management	p. 329
Fluid Mechanical Equipment Technology	p. 331
Fuel Valve Technology	p. 331
Revolutionary Fuel Pump and Valve Technology	p. 333
Aerial Refueling Operations	p. 338
References	p. 339
Index	p. 341
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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Aircraft Fuel Systems

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

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