Airport Planning & Management

Part I Airports and Airport Systems
1 Airports and Airport Systems: An Introduction
Objectives
Introduction
The World’s Airports
Airports in the United States
The National (and International) Oversight of Airports
The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems
The Rules that Govern Airports
Professional Organizations Supporting Airport Management
Concluding Remarks
Key Terms
Questions for Review and Discussion
Suggested Readings
Suggested Internet Resources
2 Airports and Airport Systems: Organization and Administration
Objectives
Introduction
Airport Ownership and Operation
Airport Privatization
The Airport Organization Chart
Job Descriptions
Airport Management as a Career
Duties of an Airport Manager
Education and Training
The Airport Manager and Public Relations
The Airport Manager’s Constituents
Public Relations Objectives
Concluding Remarks
Key Terms
Questions for Review and Discussion
Suggested Readings
Web References
3 Airports and Airport Systems: A Historical and Legislative Perspective
Objectives
Introduction
The Formative Period of Aviation and Airports: 1903–1938
The Birth of Civil Aviation: 1903–1913
World War I: 1914–1918
Early Airmail Service: 1919–1925
The Air Commerce Act: 1926–1938
The Civil Aeronautics Act: 1938–1939
Airport Growth: World War II and the Postwar Period
The Federal Airport Act: 1946
Airport Modernization: The Early Jet Age
The Airways Modernization Act of 1957
The Federal Aviation Act of 1958
The Department of Transportation: 1967
The Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970
Environmental Policies of the 1970s
The National Airport System Plan
The Airport and Airway Development Act Amendments of 1976
Airport Legislation After Airline Deregulation
The Deregulation Acts of 1976 and 1978
The Airport and Airway Improvement Act of 1982
The Aviation Safety and Capacity Expansion Act of 1990
Military Airport Program
The Aviation Security Improvement Act of 1990
The Airport and Airway Safety, Capacity, Noise Improvement, and Intermodal Transportation Act of 1992
The AIP Temporary Extension Act of 1994
The Federal Aviation Administration Authorization Act of 1994
The Federal Aviation Reauthorization Act of 1996
Airport Legislation in the Twenty-First Century
AIR-21: The Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the Twenty-First Century
The Aviation and Transportation Security Act of 2001
Homeland Security Act of 2002
Vision 100—Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act of 2003
FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012
FAA Extension, Safety, and Security Act of 2016
Continuing Resolutions and Extensions of 2017 and 2018
Concluding Remarks
Key Acts of Legislation
Key Organizations and Administrations
Key Plans, Programs, and Policies
Questions for Review and Discussion
Suggested Readings
Web Resources
Part II Airport Operations Management
4 The Airfield
Objectives
The Components of an Airport
The Airfield
Runways
A Runway’s Imaginary Surfaces
Taxiways
Other Airfield Markings
Other Airfield Areas
Airfield Signage
Airfield Lighting
Runway Lighting
Taxiway Lighting
Other Airfield Lighting
Navigational Aids Located on Airfields
Nondirectional Radio Beacons
Very-High-Frequency Omnidirectional Range Radio Beacons
Instrument Landing Systems
Air Traffic Control and Surveillance Facilities Located on the Airfield
Air Traffic Control Towers
Airport Surveillance Radar
Airport Surface Detection Equipment
Weather Reporting Facilities Located on Airfields
Wind Indicators
Security Infrastructure on Airfields
Concluding Remarks
Key Terms
Questions for Review and Discussion
Suggested Readings
5 Airspace and Air Traffic Management
Objectives
Introduction
Brief History of Air Traffic Control
The Present-Day Air Traffic Control Management and Operating Infrastructure
The FAA’s Air Traffic Organization
Air Traffic Control System Command Center
The Basics of Air Traffic Control
Visual Flight Rules Versus Instrument Flight Rules
Victor Airways and Jet Ways
Special-Use Airspace
Flight Service Stations
Terminal Area Air Traffic Control Procedures
Traditional and Modern “NextGen” Procedures
Current and Future Enhancements to Air Traffic Management
Performance-Based Navigation
Modernized Approaches to Airports
Airport Surface Movement Management
Concluding Remarks
Key Terms
Questions for Review and Discussion
Suggested Readings
Web Reference
6 Airport Operations Management Under 14 CFR Part 139
Objectives
Introduction
Part 139 Airport Classifications
Inspections and Compliance
Specific Areas of Airport Management of Importance to Airports Found in 14 CFR Part 139
Pavement Management
Aircraft Rescue and FireFighting
Snow and Ice Control
Bird and Wildlife Hazard Management
Self-Inspection Programs
SMS—Safety Management Systems for Airports
Concluding Remarks
Key Terms
Questions for Review and Discussion
Suggested Readings
7 Airport Terminals and Ground Access
Objectives
Introduction
The Historical Development of Airport Terminals
Unit Terminal Concepts
Linear Terminal Concepts
Pier Finger Terminals
Pier Satellite and Remote Satellite Terminals
The Mobile Lounge or Transporter Concept
Hybrid Terminal Geometries
The Airside-Landside Concept
Off-Airport Terminals
Present-Day Airport Terminals
Components of The Airport Terminal
The Apron and Gate System
Aircraft Gate Management
The Passenger Handling System
Airport Ground Access
Access From the CBD and Suburban Areas to the Airport Boundary
Access Modes
Factors Influencing Demand for Ground Access
Coordination and Planning of Ground Access Infrastructure
Access From the Airport Boundary to Parking Areas and Passenger Unloading Curbs at the Terminal Building
Vehicle Parking Facilities
Technologies to Improve Ground Access to Airports
Concluding Remarks
Key Terms
Questions for Review and Discussion
Suggested Readings
8 Airport Security
Objectives
Introduction
History of Airport Security
Aviation Security post-September 11, 2001
Aviation Security Roles
Security at Commercial Service Airports
The Airport Security Program
Airport Security Areas as Defined in the ASP
Employee Identification
Law Enforcement, Contingencies, and Incident Response
Passenger Screening
Checked-Baggage Screening
Controlled Access
Perimeter Security
Security at General Aviation Airports
TSA Guidance for General Aviation Airport Security
Airspace Security and Temporary Flight Restrictions
The Future of Airport Security
Concluding Remarks
Key Terms
Questions for Review and Discussion
Suggested Readings
Part III Airport Administrative Management
9 Airport Financial Management
Objectives
Introduction
Airport Financial Accounting
Operating Expenses
Liability Insurance
Airport Liability Coverage
Operating Revenues
Planning and Administering an Operating Budget
Revenue Strategies at Commercial Airports
The Residual Cost Approach
The Compensatory Cost Approach
Comparing Residual and Compensatory Approaches
Net Income
Majority-in-Interest Clauses
Term of Use Agreements
Pricing of Airport Facilities and Services
Pricing on the Airfield Area
Terminal Area Concessions
Landside and Ground Transportation Facilities
Airline Leased Areas
Other Leased Areas
Variation in the Sources of Operating Revenues
Rise in Airport Financial Burdens
Airport Funding
Grant Programs
Airport Improvement Program
Passenger Facility Charges
Other Federal Funding Sources
Facilities and Equipment Program
Federal Letters of Intent
State Grant Programs
Grant Assurances
Airport Financing
General Obligation Bonds
General Airport Revenue Bonds
Special Facilities Bonds
Financial and Operational Factors
Airline Rates and Charges
Community Economic Base
Current Financial Status and Debt Level
Airport Management
Bond Ratings
Interest Costs
Defaults
Private Investment
Build, Operate, and Transfer Contracts
Lease, Build, and Operate Agreements
Full Privatization
Concluding Remarks
Key Terms
Questions for Review and Discussion
Suggested Readings
10 Airports and Their Relationships to the Economy, the Environment, and the Communities They Serve
Objectives
Introduction
The Economic Contribution of Airports
Transportation Role
Stimulating Economic Growth
The Airport’s Strategic Relationships
Airport–Airline Relations
Airport–Tenant Relations
Airport–General Aviation Relations
Airports and the Environment
Airport Noise Impacts
Measurement of Noise
Air Quality
Water Quality
Hazardous Waste Emissions
Externalities
Economic and Environmental Sustainability Practices
Airport-Community Relations
Airport Communications
Concluding Remarks
Key Terms
Key Acts
Key Federal Aviation Regulations
Questions for Review and Discussion
Suggested Readings
11 Airport Planning
Objectives
Introduction
Defining the Planning Horizon
Airport System Planning
National-Level System Planning
Regional-Level System Planning
State-Level System Planning
The Airport Master Plan
Objectives of the Airport Master Plan
Elements of the Master Plan
Inventory
Historical Review of Airports and Facilities
The Airport Layout Plan
Forecasting
Qualitative Forecasting Methods
Quantitative Methods
Regression Analysis
Forecasts of Aviation Demand
Facilities Requirements
Aircraft Operational Requirements
Capacity Analysis
Design Alternatives
Site Selection
Runway Orientation and Wind Analysis
Airspace Analysis
Surrounding Obstructions
Availability for Expansion
Availability of Utilities
Meteorological Conditions
Economy of Construction
Convenience to Population
Cost Comparisons of Alternative Plans and Designs
Terminal Area Plans
Airport Access Plans
Financial Plans
Economic Evaluation
Break-Even Need
Potential Airport Revenue
Final Economic Evaluation
Land Use Planning
Land Uses on the Airport
Land Uses Around the Airport
Environmental Planning
Concluding Remarks
Key Terms
Questions for Review and Discussion
Suggested Readings
12 Airport Capacity and Delay
Objectives
Introduction
Defining Capacity
Factors Affecting Capacity and Delay
Estimating Capacity
Illustrating Capacity With a Time-Space Diagram
FAA Approximation Charts
Simulation Models
FAA’s Airport Capacity Benchmarks
Defining Delay
Estimating Delay
Analytical Estimates of Delay: The Queuing Diagram
Other Measures of Delay
Approaches to Reducing Delay
Creating New Airport Infrastructure
Converting Military Airfields
Administrative and Demand Management
Administrative Management
Demand Management
Concluding Remarks
Key Terms
Questions for Review and Discussion
Suggested Readings
13 The Future of Airport Management
Objectives
Introduction
Reviewing and Revising Previous Predictions
Restructuring of Commercial Air Carriers
New Large Aircraft, the Airbus A-380 and the Boeing 747-8
Small Aircraft Transportation Systems (SATS) and Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS)
The Future Outlook for Airport Management
Enhanced Safety
Environmental Sustainability
FAA Reauthorization
Future Financial and Marketing Strategies
NextGen Implementation
Globalization
Accommodating New Technologies: The Smart Airport
Airport Cities
Concluding Remarks
Key Terms
Questions for Review and Discussion
Suggested Readings
Index