Alfred Russell Wallace Contributions to the theory of Natural Selection, 1870, and Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace , 'On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties' (Papers presented to the Linnean Society 30th June 1858)

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ISBN: 9780415327398 | 0415327393
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/16/2003

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On the Law which has regulated the introduction of New Species

(25)

Geographical distribution dependent on Geologic Changes

A Law deduced from well-known Geographical and Geological facts

The form of a true system of Classification determined by this Law

Geographical Distribution of Organisms

Geological Distribution of the forms of Life

High Organization of very ancient Animals consistent with this Law

Objections to Forbes' Theory of Polarity

Rudimentary Organs

Conclusion

On the Tendency of Varieties to depart indefinitely from the Original Type

(19)

Instability of Varieties supposed to prove the permanent distinctness of Species

The Struggle for Existence

The Law of Population of Species

The Abundance or Rarity of a Species dependent upon its more or less perfect Adaptation to the Conditions of Existence

Useful Variations will tend to Increase, useless or hurtful Variations to Diminish

Superior Varieties will ultimately extirpate the Original Species

The Partial Reversion of Domesticated Varieties explained

Lamarck's Hypothesis very different from that now advanced

Conclusion

Mimicry, and other Protective Resemblances among Animals

(85)

Test of true and false Theories

Importance of the Principle of Utility

Popular Theories of Colour in Animals

Importance of Concealment as influencing Colour

Special modifications of Colour

Theory of Protective Colouring

Objection that Colour as being dangerous should not exist in Nature

Mimicry

Mimicry among Lepidoptera

Lepidoptera mimicking other Insects

Mimicry among Beetles

Beetles mimicking other Insects

Insects mimicking Species of other Orders

Cases of Mimicry among the Vertebrata

Mimicry among Snakes

Mimicry among Birds

Mimicry among Mammals

Objections to Mr. Bates' Theory of Mimicry

Mimicry by Female Insects only

Cause of the dull Colours of Female Birds

Use of the gaudy Colours of many Caterpillars

Summary

General deductions as to Colour in Nature

Conclusion

The Malayan Papilionidae, or Swallow-tailed Butterflies, as illustrative of the Theory of Natural Selection

130

(71)

Special value of the Diurnal Lepidoptera for inquiries of this Nature

Question of the rank of the Papilionidae

Distribution of the Papilionidae

Definition of the word Species

Laws and Modes of Variation

Simple Variability

Polymorphism or Dimorphism

Local form or variety

Co-existing Variety

Race or Subspecies

Species

Variation as specially influenced by Locality

Local Variation of Size

Local Variation of Form

Local Variations of Colour

Remarks on the facts of Local Variation

Mimicry

Concluding Remarks on Variation in Lepidoptera

Arrangement

Geographical Distribution

Remarkable peculiarities of the island of Celebes

Concluding Remarks

On Instinct in Man and Animals

201

(10)

How Instinct may be best Studied

Definition of Instinct

Does Man possess Instincts?

How Indians travel through unknown and trackless Forests

The Philosophy of Birds' Nests

211

(20)

Instinct or Reason in the Construction of Birds' Nests

Do Men build by Reason or by Imitation?

Why does each Bird build a peculiar kind of Nest?

How do young Birds learn to build their first Nest? Do Birds sing by Instinct or by Imitation?

Man's Works mainly Imitative

Birds do Alter and Improve their Nests when altered conditions require it

Conclusion

A Theory of Birds' Nests; showing the relation of certain differences of colour in female birds to their mode of nidification

231

(33)

Changed Conditions and persistent Habits as influencing Nidification

Classification of Nests

Sexual differences of Colour in Birds

The Law which connects the Colours of Female Birds with the mode of Nidification

What the Facts Teach us

Colour more variable than Structure or Habits, and therefore the Character which has generally been modified

Exceptional cases confirmatory of the above Explanation

Real or apparent exceptions to the Law stated at p. 240

Various modes of Protection of Animals

Females of some groups require and obtain more Protection than the Males

Conclusion

Creation by Law

264

(38)

Laws from which the Origin of Species may be deduced

Mr. Darwin's Metaphors liable to Misconception

A case of Orchis-structure explained by Natural Selection

Adaptation brought about by General Laws

Beauty in Nature

How new Forms are produced by Variation and Selection

The Objection that there are Limits to Variation

Objection to the argument from Classification

The Times on Natural Selection

Intermediate or generalized forms of Extinct Animals an indication of Transmutation or Development

Conclusion

A Demonstration of the Origin of Species

The Development of Human Races under the Law of Natural Selection

302

(30)

Wide difference of Opinion as to Man's Origin

Outline of the Theory of Natural Selection

Different effects of Natural Selection on Animals and on Man

Influence of External Nature in the development of the Human Mind

Extinction of Lower Races

The Origin of the Races of Man

The Bearing of these views on the Antiquity of Man

Their Bearing on the Dignity and Supremacy of Man

Their Bearing on the future Development of Man

Summary

Conclusion

The Limits of Natural Selection as applied to Man

332

What Natural Selection can Not do

The Brain of the Savage shown to be Larger than he Needs it to be

Size of Brain an important Element of Mental Power

Comparison of the Brains of Man and of Anthropoid Apes

Range of intellectual power in Man

Intellect of Savages and of Animals compared

The use of the Hairy Covering of Mammalia

The Constant absence of Hair from certain parts of Man's body a remarkable Phenomenon

Savage Man feels the want of this Hairy Covering

Man's Naked Skin could not have been produced by Natural Selection

Feet and Hands of Man considered as Difficulties on the Theory of Natural Selection

The Origin of Some of Man's Mental Faculties, by the preservation of Useful Variations, not possible

Difficulty as to the Origin of the Moral Sense

Summary of the Argument as to the Insufficiency of Natural Selection to account for the Development of Man

The Origin of Consciousness

The Nature of Matter

Matter is Force

All Force is probably Will-force

Conclusion

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Alfred Russell Wallace Contributions to the theory of Natural Selection, 1870, and Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace , 'On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties' (Papers presented to the Linnean Society 30th June 1858)

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Alfred Russell Wallace Contributions to the theory of Natural Selection, 1870, and Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace , 'On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties' (Papers presented to the Linnean Society 30th June 1858)

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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