Algorithmic Modernity Mechanizing Thought and Action, 1500-2000

Algorithms have been transforming human society long before the advent of computing. Yet they continue to exist in relative invisibility despite their presence behind many of our modern social interactions. The rhetoric of algorithmic neutrality is more alive than ever, and algorithms are often depicted as obvious and unproblematic—without context and without history.

Algorithmic Modernity draws together the history of mathematics and intellectual history to convey the enduring global history of the algorithm as a computational tool, epistemic ideal, and rhetorical figure alongside the ascendance of modernity. Through historical reconstructions of relevant thinkers and cultural phenomena over the last five hundred years, this collection of essays reveals how algorithms became the standard method for solving problems from the early inclusion of algorithms in Newton's formation of calculus to their later influence in the New Deal economy. Together, these essays create an informed history for readers interested in the social and cultural implications of today's pervasive digital algorithm.

Featuring experts in mathematics, history, and computing, Algorithmic Modernity presents a multi-faceted exploration of the genealogy of algorithmic thinking in modern times.

Morgan G. Ames, PhD, is Assistant Professor of Practice in the School of Information and Associate Director of Research for the Center for Science, Technology, Medicine and Society at the University of California, Berkeley. Dr. Ames researches the ideological origins of inequality in the technology
world, with a focus on utopianism, childhood, and learning. Her first book, The Charisma Machine: The Life, Death, and Legacy of One Laptop per Child (MIT Press, 2019), won the 2020 Best Information Science Book Award, the 2020 Sally Hacker Prize, and the 2021 Computer History Museum Prize.

Massimo Mazzotti, PhD, is Thomas M. Siebel Professor of the History of Science and Director of the Center for Science, Technology, Medicine, and Society at the University of California, Berkeley. Dr. Mazzotti has published on the gendering of mathematics, mathematics and religion, Enlightenment
science, and the politics of various processes of quantification, standardization, and mechanization. His current projects explore the political dimension of mathematical reasoning in revolutionary Europe; the intersection of technology, design, and social planning in post-war Italy; and the social
life of algorithms.

Introduction
Morgan G. Ames and Massimo Mazzotti

Chapter 1: Algorithm and Demonstration in the Sixteenth-Century Ars Magna
Abram Kaplan

Chapter 2: "Some call it Arsmetrike, and some Awgryme": Misprision and Precision in Algorithmic Thinking and Learning in 1543 and Beyond
Michael J. Barany

Chapter 3: The Orderly Universe: How the Calculus Became an Algorithm
Amir Alexander

Chapter 4: The Algorithmic Enlightenment
J.B. Shank

Chapter 5: Capitalism by Algorithm: Numbers for the Innumerate in the 18th and 19th Century Atlantic World
Caitlin C. Rosenthal

Chapter 6: Material Mathematics: British Algebra as Algorithmic Mathematics
Kevin Lambert

Chapter 7: "For Computing is Our Duty": Algorithmic Workers, Servants, and Women at the Harvard Observatory
Andrew Fiss

Chapter 8: Seeds of Control: Sugar Beets, Control Algorithms, and New Deal Data Politics
Theodora Dryer

Chapter 9: Inference Rituals: Algorithms and the History of Statistics
Christopher J. Phillips

Chapter 10: Decision Trees, Random Forests, and the Genealogy of the Black Box
Matthew L. Jones

Index